Centre-left coalition (Italy)

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"Centre-left coalition" redirects here. For other uses, see Centre-left politics.

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The centre-left coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-sinistra ) is an alliance of political parties in Italy active, under several forms and names, since 1995 when The Olive Tree was formed under the leadership of Romano Prodi. The centre-left coalition has ruled the country for more than 15 years between 1996 and 2022.

In the 1996 general election The Olive Tree consisted of the majority of both the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy, the two losing coalitions in the 1994 general election, the first under a system based primarily on first-past-the-post voting. In 2005 The Union was founded as a wider coalition to contest the 2006 general election, which later collapsed during the 2008 political crisis, with the fall of the Prodi II Cabinet.

In recent history, the centre-left coalition has been built around the Democratic Party (PD), which was established in 2007 from a merger of Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom, the main parties affiliated to both The Olive Tree and The Union. The centre-left coalition was part of Italian governments from November 2011 to June 2018, when a coalition government between the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League was formed. However, in September 2019, the centre-left returned to power in coalition with the M5S, with centre-left parties participating in the national unity government of Mario Draghi as of February 2021 until its collapse in July 2022.

History

Road to The Olive Tree

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Main article: The Olive Tree (Italy)
Romano Prodi

Following the 1994 general election, which was won by the centre-right coalition of Silvio Berlusconi, the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy started a parliamentary cooperation, which brought in March 1995 to the foundation of The Olive Tree.[5] The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former leftist Christian Democrat, who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995.[6]

In 1995 the Lega Nord exited the centre-right Pole of Freedoms and supported Lamberto Dini's technocratic government, together with the Pact for Italy and the Alliance of Progressives.

On 21 April 1996, The Olive Tree won 1996 general election with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) as an external ally, making Romano Prodi the Prime Minister of Italy.[7] The Olive Tree's largest partner was the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), which contained the bulk of the former Italian Communist Party. The PDS supplied 16 ministers and 10 junior ministers–the first time that (former) Communists had taken part in government since 1947. One of their leaders, Walter Veltroni, who ran in ticket with Prodi in a long electoral campaign, was Deputy Prime Minister. On 9 October 1998, the Prodi I Cabinet fell when PRC left the alliance. Since 21 October 1998 The Olive Tree was the core of the governments led by Massimo D'Alema and by Giuliano Amato. When D'Alema became Prime Minister, it was the first time ever in both Italy and Western Europe that an heir of the communist tradition came to lead a government. On 13 May 2001, led by Francesco Rutelli, who ran in ticket with Piero Fassino, the coalition lost the general elections against Silvio Berlusconi and his House of Freedoms centre-right coalition.

The Union

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Main article: The Union (Italy)

The Union was the direct heir of The Olive Tree. However, The Union was an heterogenous alliance that also included parties of the radical left, which were not part of The Olive Tree. Romano Prodi won the April 2006 general election by a very narrow margin due to the new electoral law enacted by Roberto Calderoli, although Silvio Berlusconi first refused to acknowledge defeat. Prodi's coalition proved to be extremely frail, as the two-vote margin in the Senate allowed almost any party in the coalition to veto legislation and political views inside the coalition spanned from far-left Communist parties to Christian Democrats.

Giorgio Napolitano in 2006.

The centre-left majority coalition, on 7 May 2006, officially endorsed Giorgio Napolitano as its candidate in the presidential election that began on 8 May. The Vatican endorsed him as President through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after The Union named him as its candidate, as did Marco Follini, former secretary of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, a member party of the House of Freedoms. Napolitano was elected on 10 May, in the fourth round of voting — the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes — with 543 votes (out of a possible 1009). At the age of 80, he became the first former Communist to become President of Italy

Less than a year after he had won the elections, on 21 February 2007, Prodi tendered his resignation to President Napolitano after the government was defeated in the Senate by 2 ballots in a vote on foreign policy. On 24 February, President Napolitano invited Prodi to return to office and face a vote of confidence. Major causes of friction inside the coalition were, the 2006 pardon Act (criticised by the right and by the Italy of Values party), a draft bill to establish civil unions (vetoed by Christian Democrats), Italy's continued involvement in Afghanistan (strongly opposed by left-wing parties), and finally the much publicised house-arrest of Clemente Mastella's wife (then a prominent politician at the regional level) over a corruption scandal. Mastella's party, UDEUR, held just enough seats in the Senate that his eventual decision to withdraw its support for the government meant the end of the legislature on 6 February 2008. Mastella, who also resigned from his office as Minister of Justice, cited the lack of personal support from his coalition partners' as one of the reasons behind his decision,[8] together with a proposed reform of the electoral system which would have made it difficult for small parties like his own to gain seats in the Italian Parliament.

The foundation of the Democratic Party

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Main article: Democratic Party (Italy)
Matteo Renzi in 2015.

The Democratic Party was founded on 14 October 2007 as a merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Union in the 2006 general election. At foundation the majority of the PD was formed by the Democrats of the Left (heirs of the Italian Communist Party) and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy.[9] Within the party, an important role is thus played by Christian leftists, who are direct heirs of the former Christian Democracy's left.[10][11][12]

After the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi as Prime Minister in November 2011, the PD gave external support to Mario Monti's technocratic government.[13][14]

Following the 2013 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election, the PD was the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the European Parliament, respectively. Since April 2013 Enrico Letta, a Democrat, was Prime Minister, at the head of a government sustained by a grand coalition including The People of Freedom (later replaced by the New Centre-Right), Civic Choice and the Union of the Centre (later replaced by the Populars for Italy). Following his election as party leader, in February 2014 Matteo Renzi called for "a new phase" and, consequently, the party's national board voted to ask Letta to resign.[15][16] Subsequently, Renzi was sworn in as Prime Minister at the head of the same coalition.[17] As of 2015, other than the national government, Democrats head fifteen regional governments out of twenty and function as coalition partner in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

The 2016 constitutional referendum was supported by the majority of the centre-left coalition. Inside the centre-left coalition only UdC, FdV, ALPE, UVP, SSk and UPC campaigned for the "No" vote. The referendum was lost with 41% of "Yes" against 59% of "No" votes. After the referendum, Renzi tendered his resignation as Prime Minister and Paolo Gentiloni became his successor.

In the 2018 general election the centre-left, with Renzi as leader, obtained its worst result ever: 22.9% of the vote, well behind the centre-right coalition and the M5S. Following the defeat, Renzi resigned from secretary of the PD,[18] and his deputy Maurizio Martina functioning afterwards as acting secretary.

In 2019, the PD formed a coalition with the Five Star Movement (M5S) and Free and Equal (LeU), which was supported by the members of the centre-left coalition in 2018. Following the 2021 Italian government crisis, the government was replaced by the Draghi Cabinet in February 2021, a national unity government including the PD, MS5, PD splinters Article One and Italia Viva, and centre-right coalition parties the League and Forza Italia. The Draghi government collapsed during the 2022 Italian government crisis on 14–21 July 2022, leading to Draghi's resignation as prime minister and a snap election being called.

For the 2022 general election, the coalition centres around the PD’s Democratic and Progressive Italy list, allied with the Civic Commitment, Greens and Left Alliance and More Europe electoral lists.

The Olive Tree (1995–2005)

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Main article: The Olive Tree (Italy)

1996–1998

In the 1996 general election and during the Prodi I Cabinet the coalition was composed of the following parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)[lower-alpha 3] Democratic socialism Massimo D'Alema
Italian People's Party (PPI)[lower-alpha 4] Christian democracy Franco Marini
Italian Renewal (RI)[lower-alpha 5] Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Carlo Ripa di Meana

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The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV) Veneto Regionalism Mario Rigo
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) Sardinia Sardinian nationalism Franco Meloni

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The Olive Tree presented candidates of The Network and the Ladin Autonomist Union in some first-past-the-post constituencies. The coalition also made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in some first-past-the-post constituencies,[19] which ran under the banner of the Progressives.

1998–2001

In 1998 the Communist Refoundation Party brought down the Prodi II Cabinet.[20] with a splinter faction forming the Party of Italian Communists.[21] In 1998–2001, during the two governments led by Massimo D'Alema (I Cabinet and II Cabinet, 1998–2000) and the one led by Giuliano Amato (Amato II Cabinet, 2000–2001), the coalition was composed of eight parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italian People's Party (PPI) Christian democracy Franco Marini / Pierluigi Castagnetti
The Democrats (Dem) Social liberalism Romano Prodi / Arturo Parisi
Italian Renewal (RI) Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Armando Cossutta / Oliviero Diliberto
Italian Democratic Socialists[lower-alpha 3] (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Luigi Manconi / Grazia Francescato
Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR)[lower-alpha 4] Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR)[lower-alpha 5]

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2001 general election

In the 2001 general election the coalition, led by Francesco Rutelli, was composed of nine parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS)[lower-alpha 3] Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Democracy is Freedom (DL)[lower-alpha 4] Social liberalism / Christian left Francesco Rutelli
The Sunflower[lower-alpha 5] Green politics / Social democracy Grazia Francescato / Enrico Boselli
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Oliviero Diliberto
New Country (PN)[lower-alpha 6] Single-issue politics None

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The coalition also had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
With Illy for Trieste Friuli Venezia Giulia Regionalism Riccardo Illy

The Olive Tree also made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in the first-past-the-post constituencies.

2004 EP election

In the 2004 European Parliament election, the United in the Olive Tree joint list, was composed of four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Piero Fassino
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) Social liberalism Francesco Rutelli
Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
European Republicans Movement (MRE) Social liberalism Luciana Sbarbati

The list was connected with the following regional partners:

Party Ideology Leader
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[lower-alpha 3] Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
Valdostan Union (UV) Regionalism Manuela Zublena

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The Union (2005–2008)

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Main article: The Union (Italy)

2006 general election

In the 2006 general election the coalition was composed of thirteen parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS)[lower-alpha 3] Social democracy Piero Fassino
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL)[lower-alpha 3] Social liberalism Francesco Rutelli
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Fausto Bertinotti
Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI)[lower-alpha 4] Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Italian Radicals (RI)[lower-alpha 4] Liberalism Emma Bonino
Italy of Values[lower-alpha 5] (IdV) Anti-corruption politics Antonio Di Pietro
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Oliviero Diliberto
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio
Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR) Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
Pensioners' Party (PP) Pensioners' interests Carlo Fatuzzo
The Italian Socialists (SI) Social democracy Bobo Craxi
Consumers' List (LC)[lower-alpha 6] Consumer protection Renato Campiglia
United Consumers Consumer protection Bruno De Vita
Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)[lower-alpha 3] Social democracy Giorgio Carta
European Republicans Movement (MRE)[lower-alpha 3] Social liberalism Luciana Sbarbati
United Democratic Christians (DCU) Christian democracy Giovanni Mongiello

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The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[lower-alpha 3] Aosta Valley Regionalism Carlo Perrin
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[lower-alpha 4] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Elmar Pichler Rolle
Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda (LAL) Lombardy Regionalism Matteo Brivio
Liga Fronte Veneto (LFV) Veneto Regionalism Fabrizio Comencini

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The coalition was supported by the Autonomists for Europe, Radicals of the Left and the New Action Party.

PD-led coalitions (2008–present)

2008 general election

In the 2008 general election the coalition, led by Walter Veltroni,[22] was composed of three parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party[lower-alpha 3] (PD) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italy of Values (IdV) Anti-corruption politics Antonio Di Pietro

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The coalition also had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[lower-alpha 3] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Philipp Achammer
Autonomy Liberty Democracy[lower-alpha 4] (ALD) Aosta Valley Regionalism Roberto Louvin

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2013 general election

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Main article: Italy. Common Good

In the 2013 general election, the coalition ran as Italy. Common Good under the leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani,[24] and was composed of the following parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party (PD)[lower-alpha 3] Social democracy Pier Luigi Bersani
Left Ecology Freedom (SEL)[lower-alpha 4] Democratic socialism Nichi Vendola
Democratic Centre (CD) Christian left Bruno Tabacci
Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Social democracy Riccardo Nencini
Moderates (Mod.) Liberalism Giacomo Portas

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The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[lower-alpha 3] Aosta Valley Regionalism Several
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Richard Theiner
The Megaphone – Crocetta List Sicily Regionalism Rosario Crocetta

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2018 general election

In the 2018 general election the coalition was composed of four electoral lists:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party (PD)[lower-alpha 3] Social democracy Matteo Renzi
More Europe (+E)[lower-alpha 4] Liberalism Emma Bonino
Italy Europe Together (IEI)[lower-alpha 5] Progressivism Giulio Santagata
Popular Civic List (CP)[lower-alpha 6] Christian democracy Beatrice Lorenzin

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The coalition also had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Valdostan Union (UV)[lower-alpha 4] Aosta Valley Regionalism Ennio Pastoret
Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP)[lower-alpha 4] Regionalism Laurent Viérin
Valdostan Autonomist Popular Edelweiss (EPAV)[lower-alpha 4] Regionalism Mauro Baccega
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[lower-alpha 3] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Philipp Achammer
Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT)[lower-alpha 3] Regionalism Franco Panizza

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The centre-left coalition was also supported by the Ladin Autonomist Union[26] and the Slovene Union.[27]

2022 general election

For the 2022 general election the alliance was formed by four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD–IDP)[lower-alpha 3] Social democracy Enrico Letta
More Europe (+E)[lower-alpha 7] Liberalism Emma Bonino
Civic Commitment (IC)[lower-alpha 4] Centrism Luigi Di Maio
Greens and Left Alliance (AVS)[lower-alpha 8] Eco-socialism Angelo Bonelli

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The coalition contested the election in some regions under the following banners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Aosta Valley (VdA)[lower-alpha 3] Aosta Valley Several Several
Democratic Alliance for Autonomy (ADU)[lower-alpha 4] Trentino-Alto Adige Several Several

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There were regional agreements between the centre-left coalition and Action – Italia Viva in Trentino for the Senate election and in Aosta Valley for both Chamber and Senate elections. The Italian Left ran instead with the Five Star Movement and Democratic Area in Aosta Valley.

Popular support

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Electoral results

Italian Parliament

Chamber of Deputies
Election year Votes % Seats +/− Leader
1996 16,355,985 (1st) 43.6
323 / 630
Increase 110
Romano Prodi
2001 16,209,944 (2nd) 43.5
247 / 630
Decrease 75
Francesco Rutelli
2006 19,036,986 (1st) 49.8
348 / 630
Increase 101
Romano Prodi
2008 13,689,303 (2nd) 37.5
239 / 630
Decrease 109
Walter Veltroni
2013 10,047,603 (1st) 29.5
345 / 630
Increase 106
Pier Luigi Bersani
2018 7,506,723 (3rd) 22.9
122 / 630
Decrease 223
Matteo Renzi
2022 7,337,975 (2nd) 26.1
85 / 400
Decrease 37
Enrico Letta
Senate of the Republic
Election year Votes % Seats +/− Leader
1996 14,548,006 (1st) 44.6
167 / 315
Increase 44
Romano Prodi
2001 13,282,495 (2nd) 39.2
128 / 315
Decrease 41
Francesco Rutelli
2006 17,118,364 (2nd) 49.2
158 / 315
Increase 30
Romano Prodi
2008 12,457,182 (2nd) 38.7
130 / 315
Decrease 28
Walter Veltroni
2013 9,686,683 (1st) 31.6
127 / 315
Decrease 3
Pier Luigi Bersani
2018 6,947,199 (3rd) 23.0
58 / 315
Decrease 69
Matteo Renzi
2022 7,161,688 (2nd) 25.4
44 / 200
Decrease 14
Enrico Letta

Regional Councils

Region Election year Votes % Seats +/−
Aosta Valley 2020 10,106 (3rd) 15.5
7 / 35
Increase 7
Piedmont 2019 1,027,886 (2nd) 33.3
13 / 51
Decrease 20
Lombardy[lower-alpha 4] 2023 945,148 (2nd) 32.8
24 / 80
Decrease 7
South Tyrol[lower-alpha 3] 2018 73,512 25.9
10 / 35
Increase 5
Trentino 2018 63,350 (2nd) 24.8
8 / 35
Decrease 15
Veneto 2020 337,454 (2nd) 16.4
9 / 51
Decrease 3
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2018 110,217 (2nd) 26.1
13 / 49
Decrease 14
Emilia-Romagna 2020 1,040,482 (1st) 48.1
29 / 50
Decrease 3
Liguria[lower-alpha 4] 2020 242,652 (2nd) 38.7
12 / 31
Decrease 2
Tuscany 2020 764,123 (1st) 47.1
25 / 41
Steady
Marche 2020 227,183 (2nd) 36.5
9 / 31
Decrease 10
Umbria[lower-alpha 4] 2019 153,784 (2nd) 36.8
8 / 21
Decrease 7
Lazio 2023 519,066 (2nd) 33.6
15 / 50
Decrease 9
Abruzzo 2019 183,630 (2nd) 30.6
6 / 31
Decrease 13
Molise 2018 27,314 (3rd) 18.8
2 / 21
Decrease 11
Campania 2020 1,616,540 (1st) 68.6
33 / 51
Increase 2
Apulia 2020 759,732 (1st) 45.3
28 / 51
Decrease 2
Basilicata 2019 96,000 (2nd) 33.2
5 / 21
Decrease 8
Calabria[lower-alpha 4] 2021 208,980 (2nd) 27.4
8 / 30
Decrease 2
Sicily 2022 341,252 (3rd) 16.1
11 / 70
Decrease 2
Sardinia 2019 214,660 (2nd) 30.1
18 / 60
Decrease 18

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See also

References

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  1. ↑ As leader of the main party.
  2. ↑ Italy’s centre-left confident it can challenge the populists, Financial Times
  3. ↑ Italy’s center left green-lights potential coalition with 5Stars, Politico
  4. ↑ Italy's centre-left PD picks new leader a year after election rout, Reuters
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  8. ↑ BBC, 16 January 2008 Italian justice minister resignsScript error: No such module "In lang".
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  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[permanent dead link]
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  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.


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