July 31

July 31 is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 153 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
• 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781).
• 1009 – Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII.
• 1201 – Attempted usurpation by John Komnenos the Fat for the throne of Alexios III Angelos.
• 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
• 1451 – Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France.
• 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
• 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
• 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.
• 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654–67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.
• 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Moghul emperor of India.
• 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Treaty of Breda ends the conflict.
• 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.
• 1712 – Action of 31 July 1712 (Great Northern War): Danish and Swedish ships clash in the Baltic Sea; the result is inconclusive.
• 1715 – Seven days after a Spanish treasure fleet of 12 ships left Havana, Cuba for Spain, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida. A few centuries later, treasure is salvaged from these wrecks.
• 1741 – Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia.
• 1763 – Odawa Chief Pontiac's forces defeat British troops at the Battle of Bloody Run during Pontiac's War.
• 1777 – The U.S. Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that the services of Gilbert du Motier "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States."
• 1790 – The first U.S. patent is issued, to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
• 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city.
• 1865 – The first narrow-gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Queensland, Australia.
• 1874 – Dr. Patrick Francis Healy became the first Black man to be inaugurated as president of a predominantly White American university.
• 1904 – Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Hsimucheng: Units of the Imperial Japanese Army defeat units of the Imperial Russian Army in a strategic confrontation.
• 1913 – The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest.
• 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar Constitution, which comes into force on August 14.
• 1930 – The radio mystery program The Shadow airs for the first time.
• 1932 – The NSDAP (Nazi Party) wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections.
• 1938 – Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia).
• 1938 – Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius the Great in Persepolis.
• 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."
• 1945 – Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
• 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.
• 1948 – USS Nevada is sunk by an aerial torpedo after surviving hits from two atomic bombs (as part of post-war tests) and being used for target practice by three other ships.
• 1950 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 85 relating to Korean War is adopted.
• 1954 – First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio.
• 1961 – At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in Major League Baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the ninth inning because of rain.
• 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes.
• 1970 – Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned rum ration in the Royal Navy.
• 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.
• 1972 – The Troubles: In Operation Motorman, the British Army re-takes the urban no-go areas of Northern Ireland. It is the biggest British military operation since the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the biggest in Ireland since the Irish War of Independence. Later that day, nine civilians are killed by car bombs in the village of Claudy.
• 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner, flight DL 723 crashes while landing in fog at Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89.
• 1975 – The Troubles: three members of a popular cabaret band and two gunmen are killed during a botched paramilitary attack in Northern Ireland.
• 1988 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia.
• 1991 – The United States and Soviet Union both sign the START I Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the first to reduce (with verification) both countries' stockpiles.
• 1992 – Georgia joins the United Nations.
• 1992 – Thai Airways International Flight 311 crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board.
• 1999 – Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector: NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.
• 2006 – Fidel Castro hands over power to brother Raúl Castro.
• 2007 – Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.
• 2009 – Three members of the popular South Korean group TVXQ, (Kim Jae-joong, Kim Junsu, and Park Yoo-chun), filed lawsuit against their Korean management S.M. Entertainment.
• 2012 – Michael Phelps breaks the record set in 1964 by Larisa Latynina for the most medals won at the Olympics.
• 2014 – Gas explosions in the southern Taiwanese city of Kaohsiung kill at least 20 people and injure more than 270.

Births

• 1143 – Emperor Nijō of Japan (d. 1165)
• 1396 – Philip the Good, French son of John the Fearless (d. 1467)
• 1527 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576)
• 1598 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor (d. 1654)
• 1702 – Jean Denis Attiret, French missionary and painter (d. 1768)
• 1704 – Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1752)
• 1718 – John Canton, English physicist and academic (d. 1772)
• 1724 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer and author (d. 1801)
• 1737 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain (d. 1813)
• 1777 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentinian priest and politician (d. 1849)
• 1796 – Jean-Gaspard Deburau, Czech-French actor and mime (d. 1846)
• 1800 – Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist and academic (d. 1882)
• 1803 – John Ericsson, Swedish-American engineer, co-designed the Novelty Locomotive (d. 1889)
• 1816 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
• 1826 – William S. Clark, American colonel and politician (d. 1886)
• 1835 – Henri Brisson, French lawyer and politician, 50th Prime Minister of France (d. 1912)
• 1835 – Paul Du Chaillu, French-American anthropologist and explorer (d. 1903)
• 1836 – Vasily Sleptsov, Russian author and activist (d. 1878)
• 1837 – William Quantrill, American captain (d. 1865)
• 1839 – Ignacio Andrade, Venezuelan general and politician, 25th President of Venezuela (d. 1925)
• 1843 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet and author (d. 1918)
• 1847 – Ignacio Cervantes, Cuban pianist and composer (d. 1905)
• 1854 – José Canalejas, Spanish academic and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912)
• 1858 – Richard Dixon Oldham, English seismologist and geologist (d. 1936)
• 1860 – Mary Vaux Walcott, American painter and illustrator (d. 1940)
• 1867 – S. S. Kresge, American businessman, founded Kmart (d. 1966)
• 1880 – Premchand, Indian author and playwright (d. 1936)
• 1883 – Ramón Fonst, Cuban fencer (d. 1959)
• 1884 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, Polish-German economist and politician (d. 1945)
• 1885 – Luigi Serventi, Italian actor (d. 1976)
• 1886 – Salvatore Maranzano, Italian-American mob boss (d. 1931)
• 1886 – Fred Quimby, American animator and producer (d. 1965)
• 1887 – Hans Freyer, German sociologist and philosopher (d. 1969)
• 1892 – Herbert W. Armstrong, American evangelist and publisher, founded Worldwide Church of God (d. 1986)
• 1892 – Joseph Charbonneau, Canadian archbishop (d. 1959)
• 1894 – Fred Keenor, Welsh footballer (d. 1972)
• 1901 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor (d. 1985)
• 1902 – Gubby Allen, Australian-English cricketer and soldier (d. 1989)
• 1904 – Brett Halliday, American engineer, surveyor, and author (d. 1977)
• 1907 – Roy Milton, American singer, drummer, and bandleader (d. 1983)
• 1909 – Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Austrian theorist and author (d. 1999)
• 1911 – George Liberace, American violinist (d. 1983)
• 1912 – Bill Brown, Australian cricketer (d. 2008)
• 1912 – Milton Friedman, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
• 1912 – Irv Kupcinet, American football player and journalist (d. 2003)
• 1913 – Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1984)
• 1914 – Paul J. Christiansen, American conductor and composer (d. 1997)
• 1914 – Louis de Funès, French actor and screenwriter (d. 1983)
• 1916 – Sibte Hassan, Pakistani journalist, scholar, and activist (d. 1986)
• 1916 – Billy Hitchcock, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2006)
• 1916 – Bill Todman, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1979)
• 1917 – Jini Dellaccio, American photographer (d. 2014)
• 1918 – Paul D. Boyer, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1918 – Hank Jones, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (d. 2010)
• 1918 – Frank Renouf, New Zealand businessman and financier (d. 1998)
• 1919 – Hemu Adhikari, Indian cricketer (d. 2003)
• 1919 – Curt Gowdy, American sportscaster and actor (d. 2006)
• 1919 – Primo Levi, Italian chemist and author (d. 1987)
• 1920 – James E. Faust, American religious leader, lawyer, and politician (d. 2007)
• 1920 – Percy Herbert, English actor (d. 1992)
• 1921 – Peter Benenson, English lawyer and activist, founded Amnesty International (d. 2005)
• 1921 – Donald Malarkey, American sergeant and author
• 1921 – Whitney Young, American activist (d. 1971)
• 1922 – Hank Bauer, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007)
• 1923 – Ahmet Ertegun, Turkish-American songwriter and producer, founded Atlantic Records (d. 2006)
• 1923 – Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist and engineer, invented Kevlar (d. 2014)
• 1924 – Jimmy Evert, American tennis player and coach (d. 2015)
• 1926 – Bernard Nathanson, American physician and activist (d. 2011)
• 1926 – Hilary Putnam, American mathematician, computer scientist, and philosopher
• 1927 – Peter Nichols, English author and playwright
• 1928 – Bill Frenzel, American lieutenant and politician (d. 2014)
• 1929 – Lynne Reid Banks, English author
• 1929 – Gilles Carle, Canadian director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
• 1929 – Don Murray, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1929 – José Santamaría, Uruguayan footballer and manager
• 1930 – Oleg Popov, Russian clown and actor
• 1931 – Nick Bollettieri, American tennis player and coach
• 1931 – Kenny Burrell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1931 – Ivan Rebroff, German singer (d. 2008)
• 1932 – Ted Cassidy, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1979)
• 1932 – John Searle, American philosopher and academic
• 1933 – Cees Nooteboom, Dutch journalist, author, and poet
• 1935 – Yvon Deschamps, Canadian comedian, actor, and producer
• 1935 – Geoffrey Lewis, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2015)
• 1935 – Anthony Scrivener, English lawyer (d. 2015)
• 1936 – Vic Davalillo, Venezuelan baseball player
• 1939 – Steuart Bedford, English pianist and conductor
• 1939 – Susan Flannery, American actress and director
• 1939 – France Nuyen, Vietnamese-French actress
• 1940 – Carol J. Clover, American author and academic
• 1940 – Roy Walker, Northern Irish comedian, actor, and game show host
• 1941 – Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician, 8th Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 2004)
• 1941 – Heather McKay, Australian squash player and coach
• 1943 – Lobo, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1943 – William Bennett, American journalist and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Education
• 1943 – Sab Shimono, American actor and singer
• 1944 – Geraldine Chaplin, American actress and screenwriter
• 1944 – Jonathan Dimbleby, English journalist and author
• 1944 – Sherry Lansing, American actress and producer
• 1944 – Robert C. Merton, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1944 – David Norris, Congolese-Irish scholar and politician
• 1945 – William Weld, American lawyer and politician, 68th Governor of Massachusetts
• 1946 – Gary Lewis, American singer and drummer (Gary Lewis & the Playboys)
• 1946 – Karen Zerby, American cult leader
• 1947 – Richard Griffiths, English actor (d. 2013)
• 1947 – Hubert Védrine, French politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs
• 1947 – Ian Beck, English children's illustrator and author
• 1948 – Russell Morris, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1949 – Mike Jackson, American basketball player
• 1949 – Alan Meale, English journalist and politician
• 1950 – Richard Berry, French actor, director, and screenwriter
• 1950 – Lane Davies, American actor
• 1950 – Charlie Williams, English racing motorcyclist
• 1951 – Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Australian tennis player
• 1951 – Barry Van Dyke, American actor and screenwriter
• 1952 – Chris Ahrens, American ice hockey player
• 1952 – Alan Autry, American football player, actor, and politician, 23rd Mayor of Fresno, California
• 1952 – Helmuts Balderis, Latvian ice hockey player and coach
• 1952 – João Barreiros, Portuguese author and critic
• 1952 – Faye Kellerman, American author
• 1953 – Ted Baillieu, Australian architect and politician, 46th Premier of Victoria
• 1953 – Jimmy Cook, South African cricketer and coach
• 1953 – Tōru Furuya, Japanese voice actor
• 1953 – James Read, American actor
• 1954 – Manivannan, Indian actor and director (d. 2013)
• 1954 – Rainer Bock, German actor
• 1954 – Derek Smith, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1955 – Jakie Quartz, French singer
• 1956 – Michael Biehn, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1956 – Bill Callahan, American football player and coach
• 1956 – Mark Arden, English actor and screenwriter
• 1956 – Ernie Dingo, Australian actor and television host
• 1956 – Ron Kuby, American lawyer and radio host
• 1956 – Deval Patrick, American lawyer and politician, 71st Governor of Massachusetts
• 1956 – Lynne Rae Perkins, American author and illustrator
• 1957 – Daniel Ash, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Bauhaus, Love and Rockets, and Tones on Tail)
• 1957 – Jane Bennett, American sociologist, theorist, and academic
• 1957 – Dirk Blocker, American actor
• 1957 – Leon Durham, American baseball player and actor
• 1957 – Shan Goshorn, American photographer
• 1957 – Mark Thompson, English businessman
• 1958 – Bill Berry, American singer-songwriter and drummer (R.E.M. and Hindu Love Gods)
• 1958 – Mark Cuban, American businessman and actor
• 1958 – Wally Kurth, American actor and singer
• 1959 – Stanley Jordan, American guitarist, pianist, and songwriter
• 1959 – Andrew Marr, Scottish journalist and author
• 1959 – Peter Senior, Australian golfer
• 1960 – Dale Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1960 – Malcolm Ross, Scottish guitarist and songwriter (Josef K and Orange Juice)
• 1961 – Frank Gardner, English captain and journalist
• 1962 – John Chiang, American lawyer and politician, 31st California State Controller
• 1962 – Kevin Greene, American football player and coach
• 1962 – John Laurinaitis, American wrestler and producer
• 1962 – Wesley Snipes, American martial artist, actor, and producer
• 1963 – Fergus Henderson, English chef and author
• 1963 – Brian Skrudland, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
• 1964 – C. C. Catch, Dutch-German singer
• 1964 – Jim Corr, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Corrs)
• 1964 – Urmas Hepner, Estonian footballer and coach
• 1965 – Scott Brooks, American basketball player and coach
• 1965 – Pat Finn, American actor
• 1965 – Ian Roberts, English-Australian rugby player and actor
• 1965 – J. K. Rowling, English author and film producer
• 1966 – Dean Cain, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1966 – Tatsuya Ishihara, Japanese animator and director
• 1966 – Kevin Martin, Canadian curler and sportscaster
• 1967 – Minako Honda, Japanese singer and actress (d. 2005)
• 1967 – Mitsuo Iwata, Japanese voice actor
• 1967 – Tony Massenburg, American basketball player
• 1967 – Peter Rono, Kenyan-American runner
• 1967 – Tim Wright, Welsh composer
• 1968 – Saeed-Al-Saffar, Emirati cricketer
• 1968 – Julian Richards, Welsh director and producer
• 1969 – Loren Dean, American actor
• 1969 – Kid Kash, American wrestler and mixed martial artist
• 1969 – Kenneth D. Schisler, American lawyer and politician
• 1970 – Ahmad Akbarpour, Iranian author and poet
• 1970 – Ben Chaplin, English actor
• 1970 – Andrzej Kobylański, Polish footballer and manager
• 1970 – Giorgos Sigalas, Greek basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
• 1970 – Amanda Stepto, Canadian actress
• 1970 – Dave Wedge, American journalist and author
• 1971 – John 5, American guitarist and songwriter (2wo, Loser, and Red Square Black)
• 1971 – Christina Cox, Canadian actress and stuntwoman
• 1971 – Gus Frerotte, American football player and coach
• 1972 – Giorgos Kapoutzidis, Greek actor and screenwriter
• 1973 – Wail al-Shehri, Saudi Arabian terrorist, hijacker of American Airlines Flight 11 (d. 2001)
• 1973 – Nathan Brown, Australian rugby player and coach
• 1973 – Fabulous Flournoy, American basketball player and coach
• 1974 – Emilia Fox, English actress
• 1974 – Leona Naess, American-English singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1974 – Jonathan Ogden, American football player
• 1975 – Randy Flores, American baseball player and coach
• 1975 – Andrew Hall, South African cricketer
• 1975 – Stephanie Hirst, English radio host
• 1975 – Gabe Kapler, American baseball player and manager
• 1975 – Ruben Patterson, American basketball player
• 1975 – Allan von Schenkel, American bassist and composer
• 1976 – Joshua Cain, American guitarist and producer (Motion City Soundtrack)
• 1976 – Paulo Wanchope, Costa Rican footballer and manager
• 1977 – Tim Couch, American football player and sportscaster
• 1978 – Will Champion, English drummer and singer (Coldplay)
• 1978 – Zeta Makripoulia, Greek model, actress, and fashion designer
• 1978 – Nick Sorensen, American football player and sportscaster
• 1978 – Justin Wilson, English race car driver (d. 2015)
• 1979 – Jaco Erasmus, South African-Italian rugby player
• 1979 – J. J. Furmaniak, American baseball player
• 1979 – Per Krøldrup, Danish footballer
• 1979 – Jade Kwan, Hong Kong singer-songwriter
• 1979 – Carlos Marchena, Spanish footballer
• 1979 – B. J. Novak, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
• 1980 – Rina Aiuchi, Japanese singer
• 1980 – Mikko Hirvonen, Finnish race car driver
• 1980 – Mils Muliaina, New Zealand rugby player
• 1981 – Titus Bramble, English footballer
• 1981 – Vernon Carey, American football player
• 1981 – Eric Lively, American actor
• 1981 – Ira Losco, Maltese singer
• 1981 – M. Shadows, American singer-songwriter (Avenged Sevenfold)
• 1981 – Paul Whatuira, New Zealand rugby player
• 1982 – Jeff DaRosa, American singer and banjo player (Dropkick Murphys and The Exit)
• 1982 – Blessing Mahwire, Zimbabwean cricketer
• 1982 – Anabel Medina Garrigues, Spanish tennis player
• 1982 – Raymond Pickard, English actor
• 1982 – DeMarcus Ware, American football player
• 1984 – Joseph Benavidez, American mixed martial artist
• 1984 – Felipe dal Belo, Brazilian footballer
• 1984 – İpek Yaylacıoğlu, Turkish actress
• 1985 – Daniel Ciofani, Italian footballer
• 1985 – Shannon Curfman, American singer and guitarist
• 1985 – Rémy Di Gregorio, French cyclist
• 1986 – Evgeni Malkin, Russian ice hockey player
• 1986 – Brian Orakpo, American football player
• 1987 – Michael Bradley, American soccer player
• 1987 – Brittany Byrnes, Australian actress
• 1987 – Mike Tompkins, Canadian singer
• 1988 – Charlie Carver, American actor
• 1988 – A. J. Green, American football player
• 1988 – Krystal Meyers, American singer-songwriter
• 1988 – Alex Glenn, New Zealand rugby league footballer
• 1989 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player
• 1989 – Alexis Knapp, American actress and singer
• 1989 – Johanna Omolo, Kenyan footballer
• 1989 – Joey Richter, American actor and singer
• 1989 – Jessica Williams, American actress
• 1989 – Zelda Williams, American actress
• 1990 – Mirela, Spanish singer
• 1990 – Besart Abdurahimi, Croatian footballer
• 1991 – Réka-Luca Jani, Hungarian tennis player
• 1992 – Lizzy, South Korean singer, dancer, and actress (After School and Orange Caramel)
• 1992 – José Fernández, Cuban baseball player
• 1992 – Ryan Johansen, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1992 – Kyle Larson, American race car driver
• 1993 – Christian Byers, Australian actor
• 1996 – Blake Michael, American actor, director, and producer
• 1997 – Barbie Forteza, Filipino actress and singer
• 1998 – Rico Rodriguez, American actor

Deaths

• 54 BC – Aurelia Cotta, Roman mother of Gaius Julius Caesar (b. 120 BC)
• 450 – Peter Chrysologus, Italian bishop and saint (b. 380)
• 1358 – Étienne Marcel, French rebel leader (b. 1302)
• 1396 – William Courtenay, English archbishop and politician, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom (b. 1342)
• 1508 – Na'od, Ethiopian emperor (b. 1494)
• 1556 – Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish priest and theologian, founded the Society of Jesus (b. 1491)
• 1653 – Thomas Dudley, English-American soldier and politician, 3rd Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1576)
• 1726 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and theorist (b. 1695)
• 1750 – John V of Portugal (b. 1689)
• 1762 – Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla Spanish sailor and commander (b. 1711)
• 1784 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher and critic (b. 1713)
• 1805 – Dheeran Chinnamalai, Indian soldier (b. 1756)
• 1864 – Louis Christophe François Hachette, French publisher (b. 1800)
• 1875 – Andrew Johnson, American general and politician, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808)
• 1884 – Kiến Phúc, Vietnamese emperor (b. 1869)
• 1886 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1811)
• 1914 – Jean Jaurès, French journalist and politician (b. 1859)
• 1917 – Francis Ledwidge, Irish soldier and poet (b. 1881)
• 1917 – Hedd Wyn, Welsh soldier and poet (b. 1887)
• 1920 – Ion Dragoumis, Greek philosopher and diplomat (b. 1878)
• 1940 – Udham Singh, Indian activist (b. 1899)
• 1943 – Hedley Verity, English cricketer and soldier (b. 1905)
• 1944 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and poet (b. 1900)
• 1953 – Robert A. Taft, American soldier and politician (b. 1889)
• 1954 – Onofre Marimón, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1923)
• 1963 – Sir Robert Chapman, 1st Baronet, English colonel and politician (b. 1880)
• 1964 – Jim Reeves, American singer-songwriter (b. 1923)
• 1966 – Bud Powell, American pianist (b. 1924)
• 1970 – Walter Briggs, Jr., American businessman (b. 1912)
• 1971 – Walter P. Carter, American soldier and activist (b. 1923)
• 1972 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian lawyer and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899)
• 1973 – Azumafuji Kin'ichi, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 40th Yokozuna (b. 1921)
• 1979 – Beatrix Lehmann, English actress and director (b. 1903)
• 1980 – Pascual Jordan, German physicist, author, and academic (b. 1902)
• 1980 – Mohammed Rafi, Indian singer (b. 1924)
• 1981 – Omar Torrijos, Panamanian general and politician, Military Leader of Panama (b. 1929)
• 1985 – Eugene Carson Blake, American religious leader (b. 1906)
• 1986 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat (b. 1900)
• 1986 – Teddy Wilson, American pianist and educator (b. 1912)
• 1987 – Joseph E. Levine, American film producer (b, 1905)
• 1988 – Trinidad Silva, American actor (b. 1950)
• 1990 – Albert Leduc, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
• 1992 – Leonard Cheshire, English captain and pilot (b. 1917)
• 1993 – Baudouin of Belgium (b. 1930)
• 2000 – William Keepers Maxwell, Jr., American journalist and author (b. 1908)
• 2001 – Poul Anderson, American author (b. 1926)
• 2001 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, Portuguese general and politician, 15th President of Portugal (b. 1914)
• 2001 – Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1910)
• 2003 – Guido Crepax, Italian author and illustrator (b. 1933)
• 2004 – Laura Betti, Italian actress and singer (b. 1927)
• 2004 – Virginia Grey, American actress and singer (b. 1917)
• 2005 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch economist and politician, 1st President of the European Central Bank (b. 1935)
• 2006 – Paul Eells, American sportscaster (b. 1935)
• 2009 – Bobby Robson, English footballer and manager (b. 1933)
• 2009 – Harry Alan Towers, English-Canadian screenwriter and producer (b. 1920)
• 2012 – César Amaro, Uruguayan guitarist (b. 1948)
• 2012 – Mollie Hunter, Scottish author and playwright (b. 1922)
• 2012 – Alfredo Ramos, Brazilian footballer and coach (b. 1924)
• 2012 – Tony Sly, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (No Use for a Name and Scorpios) (b. 1970)
• 2012 – Gore Vidal, American journalist, novelist, and screenwriter (b. 1925)
• 2013 – Michael Ansara, Lebanese-American actor (b. 1922)
• 2013 – Michel Donnet, English-Belgian general and pilot (b. 1917)
• 2013 – John Graves, American captain and author (b. 1920)
• 2013 – Trevor Storer, English businessman, founded Pukka Pies (b. 1930)
• 2013 – Alvis Wayne, American singer (b. 1937)
• 2014 – Warren Bennis, American scholar, author, and academic (b. 1925)
• 2014 – Nabarun Bhattacharya, Indian journalist and author (b. 1948)
• 2014 – Jeff Bourne, English footballer (b. 1948)
• 2014 – Wilfred Feinberg, American lawyer and judge (b. 1920)
• 2014 – Kenny Ireland, Scottish actor and director (b. 1945)
• 2015 – Alan Cheuse, American writer and critic(b. 1940)
• 2015 – Howard W. Jones, American surgeon and academic (b. 1910)
• 2015 – Billy Pierce, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1927)
• 2015 – Roddy Piper, Canadian-American wrestler and actor (b. 1954)
• 2015 – Richard Schweiker, American soldier and politician, 14th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (b. 1926)

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Germanus of Auxerre
  • Ignatius of Loyola
  • Neot
  • July 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• End of the Trinity term (sitting of the High Court of Justice of England)
• Ka Hae Hawaiʻi Day, a Flag Day. (Hawaii)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada