Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup

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Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup
File:Plaque rafle rue Sainte-Catherine.jpg
Commemorative plaque of the roundup victims, rue Sainte-Catherine in Lyon
Native name Rafle de la rue Sainte-Catherine
English name Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup
Date February 9, 1943 (1943-02-09)
Location Lyon
Organised by 25px Gestapo
Outcome 83 deported
Arrest(s) 86 people[1]
  • 24 women
  • 62 men

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup was a Nazi raid and mass arrest of Jews in Lyon's Sainte-Catherine street by the Gestapo. The raid, ordered and personally overseen by Klaus Barbie, took place on 9 February 1943 at the Fédération des sociétés juives de France (Federation of Jewish Societies of France), then located at the number 12 of this street. The Nazis not only chose the day the Federation normally gave free medical treatment and food to poor Jewish refugees to catch as many people as possible, but they also set up a trap by forcing arrested Federation employees to encourage further people to come to the 12 rue Sainte Catherine.

A total of 86 Jewish people were arrested, 84 of whom were then sent to the Drancy internment camp. Ultimately 83 people were deported to the extermination camps of Sobibor and Auschwitz, and to a lesser extent to Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, and Majdanek. Of those arrested, two escaped before deportation, one was released from Drancy, and only three survived the extermination camps. A number of victims belonged to the French Resistance. The rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup was one of the main charges against Barbie at his trial. Malvine Lanzet, then 14 years old, the prisoner released from Drancy, testified at the trial in 1987. Further written testimonies were given by the few surviving witnesses.

Context

In 1943, the offices of the fifth chapter of the Union Générale des Israélites de France (UGIF, General union of Israelites of France) were located at 12 Rue Sainte-Catherine in Lyon. Officially, the UGIF was an organisation created by the collaborationist government of Vichy France under the auspices of Nazi Germany.[2] In Lyon, it resulted from the merging of two pre-war entities: the Comité intergouvernemental pour les réfugiés (intergovernmental comity for the refugees), created in 1938 to help Austrian and German Jewish refugees settle in France; and a branch of the French Jewish Society. During the war, it was nominally placed under the control of the Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs.[3]

The UGIF actually acted in secret for the social assistance and welfare of Jewish people, receiving funding from the American Quakers[4] and, as the Nazis believed, from a Geneva-based Jewish society.[5] The association provided shelter and general help to refugees from all over Europe arriving in Lyon since before the war. The UGIF also provided counterfeit papers and helped smuggle people abroad, in particular to Switzerland. The organisation included a number of non-Jewish helpers as well, who provided temporary housing for some refugees.[6] These activities became known by the Nazis and served as a pretext for the Gestapo to raid the UGIF premises in Lyon, although their actual aim was simply to round up and send as many Jews as possible to the extermination camps.[7]

Roundup

Events

File:Hôtel Terminus 1.jpg
Hôtel Terminus was the seat of the Gestapo in Lyon during the war

On Tuesday, 9 February 1943,[8] the Gestapo, acting under the direction of Klaus Barbie, who was personally present,[9] decided to arrest the members of the UGIF in Lyon and set up a trap to arrest all people visiting them. They chose a Tuesday because this was the day that the UGIF gave free food and administered medical treatments to the needy.[10]

Gilberte Jacob, one of the few survivors of the roundup reported at the trial of Barbie that she was at her reception desk when, in the early afternoon, three men armed with revolvers arrested her. In total 30 people were present in the UGIF offices when a dozen Gestapo men dressed in plain clothes arrived.[4][11] In the following hours, the Gestapo forced the UGIF receptionists to answer calls as usual and to especially encourage people to visit the UGIF that day. Four or five Gestapo members plus Barbie interrogated everybody.[12] The Gestapo trap worked and soon two rooms were filled with 80 people.[10] The Nazis took all their belongings.[13]

Among the arrested people were Victor Szulklaper and Michel Kroskof-Thomas,[14] who both managed to convince Barbie that they were not Jewish thanks to counterfeit documents. Kroskof-Thomas explained his presence by arguing that he was a painter. After he was let go, he tried to warn as many people as possible not to go to the Union office.[15] In 1983 he provided crucial testimony in which he reported that Barbie was personally present at the UGIF premises on the day of the roundup.[16] In 1985, he also formally identified Barbie in prison.[17] Also initially arrested was Annette Grinszpan and her baby son René Grinszpan, then 8 months old. Using counterfeit papers she passed as Alsacian, but ultimately Barbie sent her away because her baby was crying loudly.

On 8 February 1943, Léa Katz-Weiss, then 16 years old, had overheard that a roundup was going to take place in the Grande synagogue de Lyon the next day.[18] Looking for Rabbi Schonberg to warn him, she went to the UGIF offices in the afternoon of the 9th where she was arrested. She managed to convince a Gestapo officer to let her go in exchange for her coming back the next morning to the Hôtel Terminus,[19] so that she could warn her ill mother of her impending departure. Eva Gottlieb, receptionist at the UGIF used counterfeit papers to claim she was unrelated to the UGIF and was only bringing back a Beethoven music score to a friend, so she was consequently let go. Both Eva Gottlieb and Annette Grinszpan gave written testimonies at the trial of Barbie.[10]

Fate of the prisoners

At the end of the day, the Gestapo had arrested 86 people, of whom 62 were men and 24 women.[20] In the early evening they were forced into two trucks and sent to Fort Lamothe, a military casern that served as a temporary prison as the normal Montluc prison was full. They were left there, crammed into two rooms[13] without food or water for two days under the control of the Wehrmacht. Two people, David Luksemberg and Driller Siegfried[21] managed to escape during this interval in the early morning hours of 11 February 1943.[note 1]

The 84 prisoners still in German hands were sent by train convoy to the Drancy internment camp, north of Paris. At some point, Malvine Lanzet was released from Drancy, possibly owing to her youth and placed in the care of the UGIF in Paris. The remaining 83 people were deported to the Extermination camps of Sobibor, Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen and Majdanek. Among these, only 3 survived.[20][22]

Victims

File:Lola Rappaport.jpg
Lola Rappaport, a victim of the Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup, here in 1932

Complete list of people arrested during the Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup with their age at the time of arrest, given in alphabetical order:[23][24][25]

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  1. Berthe Ackerman (also Berthe Akierman), 22 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 2]
  2. Bronia Andermann, 36 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 3]
  3. Israël Bach, 54 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 4]
  4. Simon Badinter, father of the French politician Robert Badinter, 47 years old, killed in Sobibor.[27]
  5. Leizer Bleiberg (also Bleuberg), 43 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 5]
  6. Emmanuel Bloch, 68 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 6]
  7. Isidore Bollack, 72 years old, killed in Auschwitz[note 7]
  8. Julius Brender (also Jules Brender), 44 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 8]
  9. Wolf Brull (also Wolf Bruhl), 62 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 9]
  10. Chuma Czerwonogora (also Chouna Czerwonogora), 32 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 10]
  11. André Deutsch, 34 years old, was bringing 30,000 Francs to the UGIF for poor refugees which were stolen by the Gestapo.[29] He was killed in Auschwitz.[note 11]
  12. Sigmund Dickmann, 33 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 12]
  13. Noel (also Nathan) Domnicz, 22 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 13]
  14. Gisèle Dornheim (born Gisèle Flesch), 45 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 14]
  15. Emmanuel Edelmann, 35 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 15]
  16. Albert Engel, 53 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 16]
  17. Israel Epelbaum, 47 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 17]
  18. Jacob Esskreis, 65 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 18]
  19. Jacob Ettlinger (ou Jacob Ettinger), 39 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 19]
  20. Salomon Feldhandler, 35 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 20]
  21. Pierre Freidenberg, 42 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 21]
  22. Erna Freund, 54 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 22]
  23. Icek Frydmann, 34 years old, killed in Majdanek.[note 23]
  24. Georg Fuchs, 37 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 24]
  25. Osias Fuhrer, 53 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 25]
  26. Walter Fuhrer, 18 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 26]
  27. Régine Gattegno, 19 years old, member of the French Resistance, killed in Sobibor on 30 Mars 1943.[note 27]
  28. Kalman Gelber (also Kalmann Gelber), 42 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 28]
  29. Joseph Goldberg, 40 years old, killed in Majdanek.[note 29]
  30. Michel Gorodistan (also Michel Gorodistean), 42 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 30]
  31. Aurélie Gottlieb, 51 years old, member of the French Resistance, killed in Auschwitz on 28 June 1943.[note 31]
  32. Heinrich Grad (also Henri Grad), 44 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 32]
  33. Esther Grinberg, 32 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 33]
  34. Paul Guerin (also Benno Breslerman), 13 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 34]
  35. Franz Hirschler (also Frantz Hirschler), 52 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 35]
  36. Isaac Horowicz, 33 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 36]
  37. Gilberte Jacob (later Gilberte Lévy), 30 years old, deported to Bergen-Belsen she survived the war and was a witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie.[note 37]
  38. Ryfka Jelem, 41 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 38]
  39. Samuel Kohn, 42 years old, member of the French Resistance, killed in Auschwitz.[note 39]
  40. Salomon Kruman, 41 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 40]
  41. Ruchla Landau, 41 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 41]
  42. Pierre Lanzenberg, 43 years old, dermatologist, member of the French Resistance, killed in Sobibor.[note 42]
  43. Anna Lanzet, 43 years old, mother of Malvine Lanzet, killed in Auschwitz.[note 43]
  44. Malvine Lanzet (later Malvine Kessler), 14 years old. After she arrived in Drancy, she was released on June 12, 1943 and went to an orphanage in Paris where she was cared for by the Union. She was a witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie.[note 44]
  45. Annie Lederer, 27 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 45]
  46. Hans Lichtenstein, 41 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 46]
  47. Sidonie Lichtenstein, 37 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 47]
  48. Marcelle Loeb, 19 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 48]
  49. Ephraim Loebel (also Ephraim Lobel), 57 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 49]
  50. Michael Max, 52 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 50]
  51. Gerson Merker, 54 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 51]
  52. Norbert Muntzer (or Norbert Munzer), 34 ans, killed in Auschwitz.[note 52]
  53. Chaim Peretz, 57 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 53]
  54. Jacques Peskine, 61 years old killed in Auschwitz.[note 54]
  55. Lola Rappaport (also Loja Rappaport or Laja Rapaport), 21 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 55]
  56. Klara Reckendorfer, 45 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 56]
  57. Jean-Jacques (Joseph) Rein, 23 ans, killed in Sobibor.[note 57]
  58. Kurt Reis, 42 years old, unknown fate.[note 58]
  59. Alexandre Reznik, 47 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 59]
  60. Feiwel Ring, 33 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 60]
  61. Marcus Rokotnitz (or Marais Rokonitz), 42 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 61]
  62. Herta Rosenbach, 35 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 62]
  63. Abraham Rosenberg, 64 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 63]
  64. Zeli Rosenfeld, 48 years ols, unknown fate.[note 64]
  65. Irma Rosenthal, 64 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 65]
  66. Henri Rosencweig (also Chemja Rosensweig or Chamja Rosensweig), 25 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 66]
  67. Menachem Safran, 42 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 67]
  68. Madeleine Schick, 22 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 68]
  69. Bernard Schneebalg (or Bernard Schnelbalg), 43 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 69]
  70. Simha Schkira, 50 years old, unknown fate.[note 70]
  71. Joseph Soudakoff (or Joseph Soudrkoff), 52 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 71]
  72. Betty Steigmann, 36 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 72]
  73. Armand Steinberg, 32 years old. Dentist, he was deported to Auschwitz and then to the Dachau concentration camp, surviving both ordeals. His testimony was read at the trial of Klaus Barbie. He was interviewed for the documentary Les Témoins impossibles (Impossible witnesses) in 1987.[41][note 73]
  74. Jules Steinmuller, 48 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 74]
  75. Joseph Sztark, 31 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 75]
  76. Rachmill Szulklaper (also Sullaper), 31 years old, brother of Victor Szulklaper[16][42] who was released owing to good counterfeit papers in his possession identifying him as a French citizen. Deported to Auschwitz, Rachmill survived the war and died in 1984, on the eve of the trial of Klaus Barbie.[note 76]
  77. Benno Taubmann, 33 years old, killed in Sobibor.[note 77]
  78. Feiwel Taubmann, 60 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 78]
  79. Sally Taubmann, 63 years old, murdered in Sobibor.[note 79]
  80. Victor Tlagarza (or Victor Tlagarz), 43 years old, murdered in Auschwitz.[note 80]
  81. Juliette Weill, 21 years old, member of the French Resistance murdered in Sobibor.[note 81]
  82. Hermann Weinstock, 47 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 82]
  83. Maier Weismann, 57 years old. The day of the roundup, he was bringing 225,000 Francs in funds from the US to help poor refugees in Lyon. This was stolen by the Gestapo[29] and he was killed in Sobibor.[note 83]
  84. Elias Wolf, 65 years old, killed in Auschwitz.[note 84]

The four survivors from the 84 arrested were:

  1. Gilberte Jacob, later Gilberte Lévy, witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie;
  2. Malvine Lanzet, later Malvine Kessler, witness at the trial of Klaus Barbie;
  3. Armand Steinberg;[43]
  4. Rachmill Szulklaper.

And the two prisoners who escaped from Fort Lamothe :

  1. Siegfried Driller, born September 16, 1896 in Vienna ;
  2. David Luksemberg (also David Luxembourg).[44]

Legacy

Drancy where 84 of the 86 people arrested during the roundup were imprisoned until their departure to the extermination camps.

Following the roundup, the Nazis definitively closed the premises of the UGIF at the Rue Sainte-Catherine.[45] In April 1943, the head of the UGIF in Lyon at the time of the roundup, Robert Kahn, was sacked and replaced by Raymond Geissmann. Geissmann chose new collaborators and relocated the UGIF to the 9 Rue de l'Hôtel de Ville.[21] In spite of this, from then on most of the help to Jewish refugees came from elsewhere, for example from the office of the Rabbi of Lyon as the 5th chapter of the UGIF had been weakened by the roundup.[46]

Barbie's trial

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See also: Klaus Barbie (Extradition, trial, and death)

In 1983, Serge Klarsfeld accessed the archives of the Union générale des israélites de France which had been brought to the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York shortly after 1945.[47] Thanks to these documents as well as the list of arrivals at the Drancy camp on 12 February 1943, Klarsfeld managed to establish a complete list of names for the 84 victims.

The order signed by Barbie for the roundup was subsequently uncovered, which meant that the events of the Rue Sainte-Catherine were included at the trial of Barbie in 1987. Klarsfeld compiled these documents in the book La rafle de la rue Sainte-Catherine à Lyon le 9 février 1943 (The Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup in Lyon on 9 February 1943).[note 85] The roundup of the Rue Sainte-Catherine was therefore instrumental in securing Barbie's life sentence.

Commemorative plaque

On 13 February 2011, on the occasion of the 68th anniversary of the roundup, a commemorative plaque was put in the Rue Sainte-Catherine with the names of the 84 people arrested on the 9th February 1943.[48][20] The plaque, donated by the Association des Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France (Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France), was unveiled by the senator and mayor of Lyon, Gérard Collomb.[49] Above the names of the victims, it bears the text:

"A la mémoire des Juifs raflés par la gestapo, le 9 février 1943, dans les locaux de la Fédération des Sociétés Juives de France et du Comité d'assistance aux Réfugiés,
12 rue Sainte Catherine Lyon 1er : 86 personnes furent arrétées, 80 furent déportées dont 3 survécurent." [...]

"In remembrance of the Jews rounded up by the Gestapo on 9 February 1943 at the premises of the Fédération des Sociétés Juives de France and the Aid Committee for the Refugees, 12 Rue Sainte Catherine, Lyon 1: 86 people were arrested and 80 were deported of which 3 survived." [...]

A yearly commemoration takes place in Lyon in remembrance of the events of 9 February 1943. On the morning of 21 October 2019, the plaque was defaced with half of the names of the victims covered in black ink.[50]

See also

Notes, references and sources

Notes

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References

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Sources

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External links

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. - Documentary on Klaus Barbie's activity during the war
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Shoah Resource Center 2021.
  3. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, pp. 1–5.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 4.
  5. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 6.
  6. ↑ Doré-Rivé 2012, p. 152.
  7. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b.
  8. ↑ Yad Vashem 2017, p. 3.
  9. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 16.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Chitrit 2006, p. 103 & footnotes 28, 29 & 30.
  11. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985a.
  12. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 34–36.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 12.
  14. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, pp. 16–17.
  15. ↑ Doré-Rivé 2012, pp. 155–156.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bernstein 1987.
  17. ↑ Miller 1991.
  18. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 40.
  19. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, pp. 40–41.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 France 3 2016.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 La rafle de la rue Ste Catherine à Lyon 2016.
  22. ↑ Doré-Rivé 2012, p. 154.
  23. ↑ Klarsfeld 1978.
  24. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, pp. 18–19.
  25. ↑ List of arrested people 2016.
  26. ↑ Ackerman 2019.
  27. ↑ Jewishtraces 2012.
  28. ↑ Memorbuch du Haut-Rhin 2019.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 42.
  30. ↑ Bernier 2014, p. 47.
  31. ↑ Rosenfeld-Katz 2014, p. 111, note 258.
  32. ↑ Bernier 2014, p. 144, note 1.
  33. ↑ Kruman Salomon 2019.
  34. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 20.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lola Rappaport 2019.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Projection du film "Le Témoin impossible", Actualité juive, mars 2014
  42. ↑ Interview of Mr. Sullaper 2019.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Le Progrès 2011.
  45. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 62.
  46. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 64–66.
  47. ↑ Klarsfeld 1985b, p. 17.
  48. ↑ Commemorative Plaque in Rue Sainte Catherine 2011.
  49. ↑ Collomb 2011.
  50. ↑ Boche 2019.


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