Papilio nephelus
| Yellow Helen and Black and White Helen |
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| File:Yellow Helen Papilio nephelus at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5604.jpg | |
| Dorsal view of Papilio nephelus chaon at Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India | |
| File:Yellow Helen Papilio nephelus at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5403.jpg | |
| Ventral view of Yellow Helen | |
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P. nephelus
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| Binomial name | |
| Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836
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10 sspp., see text |
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Princeps nephelus |
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Papilio nephelus, common name Yellow Helen (Papilio nephelus chaon) or Black and White Helen (Papilio nephelus sunatus), is a species of swallowtail belonging to the family Papilionidae.
Contents
Description
- See glossary for terms used
Papilio nephelus has a wingspan reaching about 10–12 centimetres (3.9–4.7 in). The basic colour of the wings is black, with a chain of white spots on the fore wing and a large white or yellow area on the hind wings. The underside and the upperside of the wings in this species are very similar. The hind wings have wavy margins, with long tails. The thorax and the abdomen are black.[2]
Papilio nephelus superficially closely resembles P. helenus. The differences are, however, both of structure and of colour. Male Fore wing upperside: entirely without the thick coating of short hairs on the outer half. Upperside: black with a sprinkling of yellowish-brown scales on the tore wing, that form four longitudinal streaks on the cell and internervular streaks on the outer half. Hind wing: the upper discal white patch larger, formed of elongate broad streaks in interspaces 4 to 7 (not 5 to 7): no tornal nor subterminal markings. Underside ground-colour duller brownish black; fore wing with the diffuse scaling so disposed as to form grey cellular and internervular streaks, the streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1 generally white, not diffuse. Hind wing: basal area sprinkled with yellow scales that form three longitudinal slender lines in the cell: the upper white discal patch as on the upperside, but the elongate white markings that compose it well divided by the black veins; below the discal white patch there is a small series of white spots in interspaces 1 to 3, the spot in 1 generally, in 2 very often, tinged with ochraceous yellow; a subterminal complete series of ochraceous-yellow lunules followed by admarginal narrow white spots. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen black; beneath: a line of white on the palpi, the thorax with some linear white markings.
Female similar. Upperside ground-colour browner; fore wing: cellular and internervular streaks more prominent; in many specimens an obscure diffuse whitish subcostal shading just beyond apex of coll. Underside paler. Fore wing with the cellular and internervular streaks and subcostal postcellular whitish patch more prominent; the posterior three internervular short streaks on the outer half of the wing white, not diffuse; in a few specimens there is a series of more or less conspicuous admarginal white spots, one in the middle of each interspace. Hind wing markings similar to those in the male, but larger and more prominent. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen as in the male, but the abdomen beneath with lateral white markings.[3]
Larvae feed on Toddalia asiatica, Euodia meliifolia, Fagra rhetsa, Citrus spp., and Zanthoxylum rhetsa.[4]
Range
This species can be found the Asian part of the Palaearctic ecozone and partially in the Australasia ecozone and in the Indomalaya ecozone, from Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, to the South of China, and from Myanmar to Thailand and Indonesia.[2][4]
Habitat
These butterflies are mainly present in the lowlands in the primary forests.
Gallery
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Yellow Helen Papilio nephelus at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5404.jpg
Yellow Helen at Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India.
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Yellow Helen Papilio nephelus at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5602.jpg
Yellow Helen at Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India.
Subspecies
Listed alphabetically.[4]
- P. n. albolineatus Forbes, 1885 – (Sumatra, Borneo)
- P. n. annulus Pendlebury, 1936 – (Peninsular Malaya)
- P. n. chaon Westwood, 1845 – Yellow Helen (Orissa, Nepal - Assam, N. Burma, S. Yunnan)
- P. n. chaonulus Fruhstorfer, 1902 – (S. China, Haina, Taiwan)
- P. n. ducenarius Fruhstorfer, 1908 – (S. Burma, Tenasserim)
- P. n. nephelus – (Java)
- P. n. siporanus Hagen, 1898 – (Mentawej Island)
- P. n. sunatus Corbet, 1940 – Black and White Helen (Peninsular Malaya)
- P. n. tellonus Fruhstorfer, 1906 – (Batu Islands)
- P. n. uranus Weymer, 1885 – (Nias)
Taxonomy
Papilio nephelus is a member of the helenus species-group. The members of this clade are
- Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758
- Papilio iswara White, 1842
- Papilio iswaroides Fruhstorfer, 1898
- Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836
- Papilio nubilus Staudinger, 1895
- Papilio sataspes C. & R. Felder, 1865
See also
References
- ↑ Arcana Ent. 2( ):97, pl.72, fig.1 Type locality: Assam
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Butterfly Corner
- ↑ Bingham, C. T. 1907. Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Papilio nephelus, Funet.fi
Other reading
- Collins, N.M. & Morris, M.G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-603-6
- Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed.) Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
- Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957). Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
