Outline of wine

A glass of white wine and another of red wine.

See also: Glossary of wine terms

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to wine:

• Wine is an alcoholic beverage typically made of fermented grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients. Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes the sugars found in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the type of wine being produced.

What type of thing is wine?

• Drink – liquid which is specifically prepared for human consumption. In addition to fulfilling a basic need, drinks form part of the culture of human society.
  • Alcoholic beverage – a beverage containing alcohol.

What is wine made of?

Wine includes the following ingredients:

• Ethanol – the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is also a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs.
• Fermented grape juice – what wine is made from
  • Fermentation – catalyst function that turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation yeast interact with sugars in the juice to create ethanol, commonly known as ethyl alcohol.
  • Grape – non-climacteric fruit that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making jam, juice, jelly, vinegar, wine, grape seed extracts, raisins, and grape seed oil.
  • Juice – the liquid that is naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue.

Types of wine

Wine styles

• Dessert wine –
• Fortified wine –
• Fruit wine –
• Ice wine –
• Mead –
• Orange wine –
• Red wine –
• Rosé –
• Sparkling wine –
• Straw wine –
• Table wine –
• White wine –

Grape varieties

Main article: List of grape varieties

Below are some examples of grape varieties from which wine is made, arranged by variety:

International varieties

White

• Chardonnay –
• Chenin blanc –
• Gewürztraminer –
• Muscat –
• Riesling –
• Sauvignon blanc –
• Sémillon –

Red

• Cabernet Sauvignon –
• Merlot –
• Pinot noir –
• Syrah/Shiraz –

Regional varieties

White

• Albariño –
• Aligoté –
• Arneis –
• Assyrtiko –
• Furmint –
• Garganega –
• Grüner Veltliner –
• Marsanne –
• Müller-Thurgau –
• Pinot blanc –
• Pinot gris/Pinot grigio –
• Prosecco –
• Ribolla Gialla –
• Roussanne –
• Silvaner –
• Torrontés –
• Ugni blanc/Trebbiano –
• Verdejo –
• Verdicchio –
• Vermentino –
• Viognier –

Red

• Aglianico –
• Barbera –
• Blaufränkisch –
• Bobal –
• Cabernet Franc –
• Carignan –
• Carmenère –
• Cinsaut –
• Corvina –
• Dolcetto –
• Frappato –
• Gamay –
• Grenache/Garnacha –
• Lagrein –
• Malbec –
• Mencía/Jaen –
• Mourvèdre/Monastrell/Mataro –
• Nebbiolo –
• Negroamaro –
• Nero d'Avola –
• Petite sirah/Durif –
• Petit verdot –
• Pinot Meunier –
• Pinotage –
• Poulsard –
• Sagrantino –
• Sangiovese –
• Sankt Laurent –
• Tannat –
• Tempranillo –
• Touriga Nacional –
• Uhudler –
• Zinfandel/Primitivo –
• Zweigelt –

Wine by country and region

Main articles: List of wine-producing countries and List of wine-producing regions

• Argentina
  • Mendoza – Prominent for Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Tempranillo
  • San Juan – Argentina's second largest wine producer, with Syrah, Bonardo, sherry-style wines, brandies, and vermouth.
  • La Rioja – The small region produces Moscatel de Alexandrias and Torrontés made from a local sub-variety known as Torrontés Riojano.
  • Northwestern regions –
  • Patagonia – The source for much of Argentina's sparkling wine

• Australia
  • New South Wales –
  • South Australia –
  • Tasmania –
  • Victoria –
  • Western Australia –
  • Queensland –

• Chile
  • Central Valley –

• France
  • Alsace –
  • Bordeaux –
  • Burgundy –
  • Chablis –
  • Champagne –
  • Corsica –
  • Jura –
  • Languedoc-Roussillon –
  • Loire –
  • Provence –
  • Rhône –
  • Savoy –
  • South West –

Appellations

Main article: Classification of wine

• Alsace Grand Cru AOC(France) –
• American Viticultural Areas –
• ονομασία προελεύσεως ελεγχομένη (Greece) –
• Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (France) –
• Australian Geographical Indications –
• Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 (France) –
• Classification of Graves wine (France) –
• Classification of Saint-Émilion wine (France) –
• Denominação de Origem Controlada (Portugal) –
• Denominación de Origen (Spain) –
• Denominazione di Origine Controllata (Italy) –
• Districtus Austria Controllatus –
• Label Integrity Program or LIP (Australia) –
• List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines (France) –
• Protected Designation of Origin (European Union) –
• Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (Germany) –
• Vintners Quality Assurance (Canada) –
• Wine of Origin (South Africa) –

Wine industry

Wine professions and qualifications

• Vintner –
• Master of Wine –
• Winemaker –

Wine packaging

• Types of wine packages
  • Box and bag –
  • Jug –
  • Bottle –
• Wine label –

Trends and impacts

• Globalization of wine –
• Global warming and wine –

Wine production

• Winery –
• Vineyard –
• Viticulture –
  • Annual growth cycle of grapevines –
  • Ripeness in viticulture –
• Winemaking –
  • Harvest –
    • Mechanical harvesting –
  • Pressing (wine)
    • Wine press – device used to extract juice from crushed grapes during wine making.
    • History of the wine press
  • Must – freshly pressed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit.
    • Pomace – solid remains of grapes, olives, or other fruit after pressing for juice or oil. It contains the skins, pulp, seeds, and stems of the fruit. In winemaking, the length of time that the pomace stays in the juice is critical for the final character of the wine.
  • Fermentation –
    • Co-fermentation –
  • Maceration –
  • Malolactic fermentation –
  • Oak in wine production –
• Storage of wine –
• Aging of wine –

Wine selecting

• Wine competitions –
• Wine tasting –
  • Blind tasting of wine –
  • Vertical and horizontal wine tasting –

Wine in culture

• Christianity and wine –
• Cocktails with wine, sparkling wine, or port –
• Comité Régional d'Action Viticole –
• Cult wines –
• Drinking culture –
• Dionysus –
  • Alcohol equivalence –

Wine and health

Main article: Wine and health

• Alcohol –
  • Short-term effects of alcohol –
    • Alcohol intoxication –
    • Alcohol and sex –
    • Blood alcohol content –
  • Long-term effects of alcohol –
    • Alcohol dementia –
    • Alcohol and cancer –
    • Alcohol and cardiovascular disease –
    • Alcohol and weight –
    • Alcoholism –
      • Alcohol abuse –
      • Alcohol dependence –
      • Alcohol withdrawal syndrome –
    • Fetal alcohol syndrome –
  • Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages –
• French Paradox –
• Phenolic compounds in wine –
  • Polyphenol antioxidant –
  • Resveratrol –
• Red wine headache –

History of wine

Main article: History of wine

By period

• Ancient Greece and wine – The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of viticulture and wine production which they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now France, Italy, Austria and Russia, as well as others through trade and colonization.
• Ancient Rome and wine –
• Champagne Riots –

By region

• Africa
  • History of South African wine
• Asia
  • Wine in the Middle East
• Europe
  • History of French wine
    • History of Bordeaux wine
  • History of Portuguese wine
  • History of Spanish wine
    • History of Rioja wine
    • History of Sherry
• North America
  • History of American wine
    • History of California wine
    • History of Oregon wine production

Organizations and institutions

• Academie du Vin –
• American Society for Enology and Viticulture –
• APCOR (Portugal) –
• ASDW Association of Small Direct Wine Merchants (United Kingdom) –
• Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology –
• Australian Wine Research Institute –
• Comite Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne –
• Comité Régional d'Action Viticole –
• Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute (Canada) –
• Garagistes (France) –
• Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding (Germany) –
• Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute (Germany) –
• Institut National des Appellations d'Origine –
• L'Academie du Vin –
• Missouri Valley Wine Society –
• Wine Institute (California) –
• Wine Institute of New Zealand –
• Wine Research Centre (Canada) –
• Wine and Spirit Trade Association (United Kingdom) –

Publications

• Australian & New Zealand Wine Industry Journal –
• Wine Spectator –

Other

• Beaujolais Day –
• The Berthomeau Report –
• Fighting varietals –
• Wine Parkerization –
• Plan Bordeaux –
• Prohibition –
• Riesling Trail –
• Semi-generic –
• Sake –
• Super Tuscans –
• Temperance movement –
• Terroir –
• Wine defect –

Persons influential in the field of wine

Main article: List of wine personalities

• Oz Clarke –
• Antonio Galloni –
• James Halliday –
• Robert Mondavi –
• Robert M. Parker, Jr. –
• Jancis Robinson –
• Michel Rolland –
• Kermit Lynch –

Wine-related films and television

• Falcon Crest –
• Mondovino –
• Sideways –
• Wine TV –
• Bottle Shock –

See also

• Wine producing countries
• Wine producing regions

External links

• The Guardian & Observer Guide to Wine
• The wine anorak by wine writer Jamie Goode
• Wine Glossary, from Wine Spectator