List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
This is a list of notable writers who are Indigenous people of the Americas.
This list includes authors who are Alaskan Native, American Indian, First Nations, Inuit, Métis, and indigenous peoples of Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Indigenous identity is a complex and contested issue and differs from country to country in the Americas. Inclusion to this list is based on legal membership to an indigenous community, when applicable, or recognition by the relevant indigenous community/communities of the individual as a member of that community. Writers such as Forrest Carter,[2][3] Ward Churchill,[4][5][6] Jamake Highwater,[7][8][9] and Grey Owl[2][10][11] whose claims of indigenous American descent have been factually disproved through genealogical research are not included in this list.
A
- Louise Abeita, Isleta Pueblo, 1926–2014
- Janice Acoose, Sakimay (Saulteaux) First Nation-Métis, Canada, b. 1954
- William Penn Adair, Cherokee, 1830–1880
- Evan Adams, Sliammon First Nation Coast Salish, Canada, b. 1966
- Howard Adams, Métis, Canada, 1921–2001[12]
- Freda Ahenakew, Cree, Canada, b. 1932
- Tristan Ahtone, Kiowa, b. 1981[13]
- Ai, Choctaw-Chickasaw-Cheyenne-Comanche-descent, 1947—2010[14]
- Richard Aitson, Kiowa-Kiowa Apache, b. 1953[15]
- Humberto Ak'ab'al, K'iche' Maya, Guatemala, b. 1952
- Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm, Anishinaabe, Canada, b. 1965[16]
- Clarence Alexander, Gwichyaa Zhee Corporation, b. 1939
- Robert Arthur Alexie, Gwich'in, Canada, b. 1956[17][18]
- Sherman Alexie, Spokane-Coeur d'Alene, b. 1966[19]
- Gerald Taiaiake Alfred, Mohawk Nation, Canada, b. 1964
- Elsie Allen, Cloverdale Pomo, 1899–1990
- Paula Gunn Allen, Laguna-Sioux-Lebanese,[20] 1939–2008
- Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, Texcocan, Mexico, ca. 1570–1648
- Arthur Amiotte, Oglala Lakota, b. 1942[21]
- Gloria Anzaldúa, 1942–2004[citation needed]
- William Apess, Pequot, 1798–1839[22]
- Annette Arkeketa, Otoe-Missouria-Muscogee Creek[23]
- Jeannette C. Armstrong, Penticton Indian Band (Okanagan), Canada, b. 1948[17][24]
- José María Arguedas, Mestizo of Quechua-descent, Peru, 1911–1969
- Joanne Arnott, Métis, Canada, b. 1960
- Pitseolak Ashoona, Inuk, Canada, 1904–1983
- Joan Tavares Avant, Wampanoag, b. 1940
- Marilou Awiakta, Eastern Band Cherokee, b. 1936[25]
- Alice Azure, Mi'kmaq, b. 1940
B
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- Jimmy Santiago Baca, Chicano-Apache-descent, b. 1952
- Carol Bachofner, Abenaki
- Marie Annharte Baker, Anishinabe, Canada, b. 1942[17]
- Dennis Banks, Leech Lake Ojibwe,[26] b. 1932
- Jim Barnes, Choctaw, b. 1933,[27] Poet Laureate of Oklahoma, 2009
- Jose Barreiro, Taíno, Cuban-American, b. 1948[citation needed]
- James Bartleman, Chippewas of Rama First Nation, Canada, b. 1939
- Glecia Bear, Cree, Canada, b. 1912
- Shane Belcourt, Métis, Canada, b. 1972
- Betty Louise Bell, Cherokee, born 1949[27]
- Diane E. Benson, Tlingit, b. 1954
- Gertrude Bernard (Anahareo), Mohawk, Canada, 1906–1986[28]
- Gloria Bird, Spokane,[29] b. 1951
- Sandra Birdsell, Métis, Canada, b. 1942
- Andrew Blackbird, Odawa, ca. 1815–1908
- Ned Blackhawk, Te-Moak Shoshone[30]
- Governor Blacksnake (Thaonawyuthe/Chainbreaker), Seneca, c. 1760–1859
- Peter Blue Cloud, Mohawk, 1935–2011
- Buffalo Bird Woman (Maxidiwiac), Hidatsa, ca. 1839–1932[31]
- Sherwin Bitsui, Navajo,[32] b. 1975
- Kimberly M. Blaeser, White Earth Ojibwe, b. 1955[33]
- Peter Blue Cloud, Mohawk, b. 1935[34]
- Kimberly M. Blaeser, White Earth Ojibwe, b. 1950
- Winfred Blevins, Cherokee-descent, b. 1938 [35]
- Columpa Bobb, Tsleil Waututh-Nlaka'pamux, Canada, b. 1971
- Elias Boudinot, Cherokee, 1740–1821, first Native American novelist (Poor Sarah, 1823)[36]
- Hélène Boudreau, Métis, Canada, b. 1969
- Joseph Boyden, Métis, Canada, b. 1966[18]
- Linda Boyden, Cherokee-descent[37]
- Beth Brant, Bay of Quinte Mohawk, b. 1941[17]
- Mary Brave Bird, Sicangu Lakota,[38] 1953–2013
- Silvester J. Brito, Comanche-Purépecha
- Ignatia Broker, Ottertail Pillager Band Ojibwe, United States, 1919–1987[39]
- Vee F. Browne, Navajo,[40] b. 1956
- Joseph Bruchac, Abenaki-descent, b. 1942[18][41]
- Louis F. Burns (Hulah Hihekah), Osage Nation, 1920–2012[42]
- Alec Butler, Métis, Canada, b. 1959
C
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- Gregory Cajete, Santa Clara Pueblo[43]
- Cristina Calderón, Yaghan, Chile, born ca. 1938, last speaker of the Yaghan language
- Maria Campbell, Métis, Canada, b. 1940[18]
- Nicola Campbell, Interior Salish Nleʔkepmx, Canada[18]
- Rob Capriccioso, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians[44]
- Gladys Cardiff, Eastern Band Cherokee-descent, born 1942
- Harold Cardinal, Cree author, 1945–2005
- Aaron Albert Carr, Laguna Pueblo-Navajo, born 1963
- Donna Caruso, Abenaki, born 1951
- Lorna Dee Cervantes, Chicana-Chumash-descent, United States, born 1954
- Betsey Guppy Chamberlain, Wabanaki, ca. 1797–1886[45]
- Dean Chavers, Lumbee
- Shirley Cheechoo, Cree, Canada, b. 1952
- Chrystos, Menominee-descent, born 1946[46]
- Eddie Chuculate, Muscogee Creek Nation-Cherokee[47]
- Marie Clements, Métis, Canada, b. 1962
- Susan Clements, Seneca-Mohawk-descent, United States, born 1950[48]
- George Clutesi, Tseshaht First Nation, Canada, b. 1905–1988
- Robert J. Conley, Cherokee Nation-descent, 1940-2014
- Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, Crow Creek Lakota, b. 1930[49]
- Linda Coombs, Wampanoag
- George Copway, Mississauga Ojibwa, Canada,[50] 1818–1869
- Jesse Cornplanter, Seneca, 1889–1957
- Rupert Costo, Cahuilla, 1906-1989
- Leonard Crow Dog, Oglala Lakota, born 1942[51]
- David Cusick, Seneca, ca. 1780–ca. 1831
D
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- Joseph A. Dandurand, Kwantlen First Nation, Canada
- Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Tlingit, b. 1927[52]
- Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616), Mestizo/Quechua descent, Peru
- Nora Thompson Dean, Touching Leaves Woman, Delaware Tribe of Indians, 1907–1984[53]
- Philip J. Deloria, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe[54]
- Ella Cara Deloria, Yankton Dakota-Standing Rock Sioux, 1889–1971[55]
- Vine Deloria, Jr., Yankton Dakota-Standing Rock Sioux, 1933–2005[56]
- Trace DeMeyer, Shawnee
- Bonnie Devine, Serpent River First Nation, Canada
- Edward Dozier, Santa Clara Pueblo, 1916–1971[57]
E
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- Charles Eastman (Hakadah, Ohiyesa[58]), Santee Dakota, 1858–1939[59]
- Anita Endrezze, Yaqui, b. 1952[60][61]
- Tommy Enuaraq, Inuit, Canada
- Heid E. Erdrich, Turtle Mountain Ojibwe, born 1963
- Louise Erdrich, Turtle Mountain Ojibwe, born 1954[18][62][63]
F
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- Stephanie Fielding, Mohegan[64]
- Connie Fife, Cree
- Waawaate Fobister, Grassy Meadows First Nation Anishinaabe, Canada[65]
- Jack D. Forbes, Powhatan-Renapé-Lenape-descent,[66] 1934–2011
- Lee Francis III, Laguna Pueblo-Anishinaabe, 1945–2003[67]
- Vera Francis, Passamaquoddy
- L. Frank, Tongva-Acjachemen-descent
- Alice Masak French, Inuit, Canada, b. 1930
G
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- Eric Gansworth, Onondaga
- Garcilaso de la Vega (El Inca), Quechua, Peru, 1539–1616, first published in 1609
- Andrew George, Jr., Wet'suwet'en First Nation, Canada b. 1963
- Diane Glancy, Cherokee-descent,[61] b. 1941[68]
- Owl Goingback, Eastern Band Cherokee-Choctaw-descent,[69] b. 1959
- Jewelle Gomez, Iowa-descent, born 1948
- Roxy Gordon, Choctaw, 1945–2000[70]
- Janice Gould, Maidu-Koyangk'auwi, b. 1949[71]
- George R. D. Goulet, Métis, Canada, b. 1933
- Fred Grove, Osage Nation-Oglala Lakota, 1913–2008[72]
- Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Quechua, Peru, ca. 1535–after 1616[73]
H
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- Red Haircrow, Chiricahua Apache/Cherokee descent, b. 1972
- Janet Campbell Hale, Coeur d'Alene-Kootenay, b. 1946[74]
- Terri Crawford Hansen, Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, b. 1953[75]
- Ann Meekitjuk Hanson, Inuit, Canada, b. 1946
- Joy Harjo, Muscogee Creek Nation-Cherokee,[76] b. 1951
- Suzan Shown Harjo, Southern Cheyenne-Muscogee Creek
- LaDonna Harris, Comanche
- Ernestine Hayes, Tlingit, b. 1945
- Allison Hedge Coke, Huron-Cherokee[76]-Muscogee Creek-descent, b. 1958
- James (Sakej) Youngblood Henderson, Chickasaw/Cheyenne, b. 1944
- Gordon Henry, White Earth Band of Ojibwe, b. 1955[77]
- Vi Hilbert, Upper Skagit, 1918–2008[78]
- Tomson Highway, Cree, Canada, b. 1951[17][18]
- Linda Hogan, Chickasaw Nation, b. 1947[79]
- Andrew Hope III, Tlingit, 1949–2008
- John Christian Hopkins, Narragansett, b. 1960
- George Horse-Capture, Gros Ventre, 1937–2013
- Robert Houle, Saulteaux, Canada, b. 1947
- LeAnne Howe, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, b. 1951[27]
- Ralph Hubbard, Seneca, 1885–1980
- Al Hunter, Anishnaabe, Canada
I
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- Alootook Ipellie, Inuk, Canada, 1951–2007[17]
- Peter Irniq, Inuk, Canada, b. 1947
- Madeline Ivalu, Inuit, Canada
J
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- Paulla Dove Jennings, Narragansett
- Rita Joe, Mi'kmaq, Canada,[17] 1932–2007
- Emily Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), Mohawk, Canada, 1861–1913
- Basil H. Johnston, Anishinaabe, Canada, b. 1929[17]
- Ian C. Johnston, Canada
- Stephen Graham Jones, Blackfeet, b. 1972
- William Jones, Sac and Fox Nation, 1871–1909[80]
- Edith Josie, Gwich'in, Canada, 1921–2010[81]
- Hugo Jamioy Juagibioy, Kamentsa, Colombia
- Daniel Heath Justice, Cherokee Nation, Canada[82]
K
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- Peter Kalifornsky, Dena'ina 1911–1993[83]
- Joan Kane, Inupiat
- Margo Kane, Cree-Saulteaux, Canada, b. 1951
- Jacqueline Keeler, Navajo, Yankton Sioux [84]
- Maude Kegg, Ojibwe, 1904–1999
- William Kennedy, Métis, Canada, 1814–1890
- Maurice Kenny, Mohawk, b. 1929
- Wayne Keon, Nipissing, Canada, b. 1946[17]
- Robin Wall Kimmerer, Citizen Potawatomi Nation,[85] b. 1953
- Thomas King, Cherokee-descent, Canada, b. 1943[17][27]
- Phil Konstantin, Cherokee Nation, b. 1952[86]
- Michael Kusugak, Inuit, Canada, b. 1948
L
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- Francis La Flesche, Omaha-Ponca, 1857–1932[87][88]
- Susette La Flesche, Omaha-Ponca, 1854–1903[87]
- Winona LaDuke, White Earth Band of Ojibwe,[89] b. 1959
- Carole LaFavor, Ojibwe
- Joseph Laurent, Abenaki, 1839-1917
- Ronald G. Lewis, Cherokee, b. 1941
- Georgina Lightning, Sampson First Nation Cree, Canada
- William Harjo LoneFight, Muscogee Creek Nation-Natchez, b. 1966
- Donna M. Loring, Penobscot
- Kevin Loring, Nlaka'pamux,[90] Canada
- Adrian C. Louis, Lovelock Paiute, b. 1946[91]
- Phil Lucas, Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, 1942–2007[92]
- Henrik Lund, Kalaaleq, Greenland, 1875–1948
M
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- Wilma Mankiller, Cherokee Nation,[93] 1945–2010
- Larry Spotted Crow Mann, Nipmuc
- Vera Manuel, Secwepemc[94] -Ktunaxa, 1949–2010
- Lee Maracle,[17] Salish-Cree, Canada, b. 1950
- Joseph M. Marshall III, Brulé Lakota, b. ca. 1946
- Henry Lorne Masta, Abenaki, 1853-
- John Joseph Mathews, Osage, ca. 1894–1979[27]
- Janet McAdams, Muscogee Creek-descent[61]
- Gerald McMaster, Siksika Nation-Red Pheasant First Nation, b. 1953
- William D'Arcy McNickle, Salish Kootenai, 1904–1977
- Mardi Oakley Medawar, Cherokee-descent
- Joe Medicine Crow, Crow, b. 1913[95]
- Rigoberta Menchú, K'iché Maya, Guatemala, b. 1959
- Billy Merasty, Cree, Canada, b. 1960
- Edmund Metatawabin, Cree, Canada
- Tiffany Midge, Hunkpapa Lakota, b. 1965
- Dylan Miner, Métis, Canada-United States, b. 1976
- Devon Mihesuah, Choctaw, b. 1957
- Deborah A. Miranda, Esselen-Chumash
- Gabriela Mistral, Mapuche, Chile, 1889–1957
- Lewis Mitchell, Passamaquoddy, (1847-1930)
- N. Scott Momaday, Kiowa-Cherokee, b. 1934[18][96]
- Carlos Montezuma, Yavapai, 1866–1923[97]
- Patricia Monture-Angus, Mohawk, Canada
- Marijo Moore, Cherokee-descent
- Tara Lee Morin, Canada
- Irvin Morris, Navajo, b. 1958
- Daniel David Moses, Delaware, Canada, b. 1952[17]
- Mountain Wolf Woman, Ho-Chunk, 1884–1960
- Mourning Dove, Colville-Okanagan, 1888–1936
N
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- Elicura Chihuailaf Nahuelpán, Mapuche, Chile[98]
- Nora Naranjo-Morse, Santa Clara Pueblo, b. 1953
- Nas'Naga (Roger Russell), Shawnee-descent, b. 1941
- David Neel, Kwakwaka'wakw, Canada, b. 1960
- Duane Niatum, Klallam, born 1938
- Mildred Noble, Ojibwe, Canada-United States, 1921–2008[99]
- Jim Northrup (Chibenashi), Fond du Lac Ojibwe, United States, b. 1943
- nila northSun, Shoshone-Red Lake Ojibwe, b. 1951
O
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- Jean O'Brien, White Earth Ojibwe, b. 1958[100]
- Samson Occom, Mohegan, 1723–1792,[1] the first Native American known to publish in English
- Orpingalik, Netsilik Inuit, Canada[101]
- Simon J. Ortiz, Acoma Pueblo, b. 1941[76][102]
- Louis Owens, Choctaw-Cherokee-descent 1948–2003[103]
P
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- Aaron Paquette, Métis-Cree-Cherokee, Canada[104]
- Arthur C. Parker, Seneca, 1881–1955[105]
- Daniel N. Paul, Mi'kmaq, Canada, b. 1938
- Mihku Paul, Maliseet, b. 1958
- Elise Paschen, Osage Nation[106]
- William S. Penn, Nez Perce, b. 1949
- Robert L. Perea, Oglala Lakota-Mexican, United States
- Keewaydinoquay Peschel, Anishinaabe, 1919–unknown
- Paula Peters, Wampanoag
- Lawrence Plamondon, Odawa-Ojibwe, b. 1946
- Peter Pitseolak, Cape Dorset Inuit, Canada, 1902–1973
- Simon Pokagon, Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, ca. 1830–1899[107]
- Alexander Posey, Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 1873–1908[103]
- Susan Power, Standing Rock Sioux, b. 1961
- Pretty-Shield, Crow Nation,[38] 1856–1944
Q
R
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- Suzanne Rancourt, Abenaki
- Chief Henry Red Eagle, (Henry Perley), Maliseet (1885-1972)
- Delphine Red Shirt, Oglala Lakota, b. 1957[108]
- Duke Redbird, Ojibwe, Canada, b. 1939
- Bill Reid, Haida, Canada, 1920–1998[17]
- Carter Revard, Osage Nation, b. 1931[106]
- Lawney Reyes, Confederated Colville Tribes (Sinixt), b. 1951[109]
- Lynn Riggs, Cherokee, 1899–1954[110]
- Eden Robinson, Haisla-Heiltsuk, Canada, b. 1968[17]
- Henry Roe Cloud, Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, 1884–1950[111]
- John Rollin Ridge (Yellow Bird), Cherokee,[50] 1827–1967
- Will Rogers, Cherokee, 1879–1935[93]
- Will Rogers, Jr., Cherokee Nation, 1911–1993
- Wendy Rose, Hopi-Miwok, b. 1948[112]
- Ian Ross, Métis, Canada, b. 1960[17]
- Armand Garnet Ruffo, Ojibwe, Canada, b. 1955[17]
S
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- Ray St. Germain, Métis, Canada
- Carol Lee Sanchez, Laguna Pueblo[113]
- William Sanders, Cherokee, b. 1942
- Greg Sarris, Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, b. 1952[114]
- Cheryl Savageau, Abenaki, b. 1950
- Madeline Sayet, Mohegan, b. 1989
- Katherine Siva Saubel, Los Coyotes Cahuilla, 1920–2011[115]
- Gregory Scofield, Métis, Canada, b. 1966[17]
- Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, Sault Ste. Marie Ojibwe, 1800–1841, first Native women to publish[116]
- Bev Sellars, Xat'sull, Canada
- James Sewid, Kwakwaka'wakw, Canada, 1913–1988
- Charles Norman Shay, Penobscot, b. 1924
- Paula Sherman, Ardoch Algonquin First Nation,
- Kim Shuck, Cherokee Nation
- Angela Sidney, Tagish, Canada, 1902–1991
- Leslie Marmon Silko, Laguna Pueblo, b. 1948[117]
- Ruby Slipperjack, Ojibwe, Canada, b. 1952[17]
- Cynthia Leitich Smith, Muscogee Creek, b. 1967
- Paul Chaat Smith, Comanche
- Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve, Brulé Lakota,[118] b. 1933
- Donald Soctomah, Passamaquoddy
- Loren Spears, Narragansett
- Luther Standing Bear, Oglala Lakota, ca. 1868–1939[119]
- James Thomas Stevens, Akwesasne Mohawk, b. 1966
- Virginia Stroud, United Keetoowah Band Cherokee-Muscogee, b. 1951
- Madonna Swan, Cheyenne River Lakota, 1928–1993
- Denise Sweet, White Earth Anishinaabe, Poet Laureate of Wisconsin 2004[120]
- James Schoppert, Tlingit, 1947–1992
T
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- "Chief" Tahachee, (Jeff Davis Tahchee Cypert), Cherokee, 1904–1978
- Margo Tamez, Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache, b. 1962
- Gladys Tantaquidgeon, Mohegan, 1899–2005
- Luci Tapahonso, Navajo, b. 1953[121]
- Drew Hayden Taylor, Ojibwe, Canada, b. 1962
- Ningeokuluk Teevee, Cape Dorset Inuit, Canada, b. 1963
- Shannon Thunderbird, Tsimshian First Nation, Canada
- Susette LaFlesche Tibbles, Omaha-Ponca, 1854–1903
- George Tinker, Osage[106]
- Lucy Thompson, Yurok 1853–1932, first indigenous Californian woman to be published[122]
- Natalia Toledo, Zapotec, Mexico, b. 1968
- Gail Tremblay, Mi'kmaq-Onondaga,[34] b. 1945
- Raymond D. Tremblay, Métis, Canada
- David Treuer, Leech Lake Ojibwe, b 1970
- John Trudell, Santee Sioux, b. 1946[123]
- Mark Turcotte, Turtle Mountain Chippewa
- Richard Twiss, Brulé Lakota, b. 1954
- E. Donald Two-Rivers, Anishinaabe, 1945–2008
- Tom Stienstra, Palo Alto, California
U
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V
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- Max Wolf Valerio, Kainai Nation, United States,[125] b. 1957
- Richard Van Camp, Tli Cho, Canada, b. 1971[17]
- Gerald Vizenor, White Earth Ojibwe, b. 1934[117]
W
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- Richard Wagamese, Ojibwe, Canada
- Velma Wallis, Athabaskan, b. 1960
- Anna Lee Walters, Pawnee-Otoe-Missouria, b. 1946[126]
- William Whipple Warren, Ojibwe, 1825–1853[127]
- Clyde Warrior, Ponca,[128] 1939–1968
- Waziyatawin (Angela Wilson), Wahpetunwan Dakota[129]
- James Welch, Blackfeet-Gros Ventre, 1940–2003[130]
- Gwen Westerman, Sisseton-Wahpeton Dakota Oyate
- Tom Whitecloud, Lac du Flambeau Ojibwe, 1914–1972
- Mary Louise Defender Wilson, Dakota-Hidatsa, b. 1930
- Sarah Winnemucca (Thocmentony), Northern Paiute, ca. 1844–1891[131]
- Craig S. Womack, Muscogee Creek-Cherokee-descent
- Elizabeth Woody, Navajo-Wasco,[132] b. 1957
X
Y
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Z
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- Ofelia Zepeda, Tohono O'odham, b. 1952[134]
- Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin), Yankton Dakota-Standing Rock Sioux, 1876–1938[135]
- Melissa Tantaquidgeon Zobel, Mohegan, b. 1960
See also
- Category:Indigenous Australian writers
- Category:Native American writers
- Before Columbus Foundation
- List of 20th-century writers
- List of indigenous artists of the Americas
- Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States
- Native American Renaissance
- Native Americans in children's literature
- Native Writers' Circle of the Americas
- Navajo Community College Press
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Peyer 52
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Richardson, Valerie. Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill. University of Colorado at Boulder. 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ↑ Brown, Thomas. "Is Ward Churchill the New Michael Bellesiles?" George Mason University's History News Network. 14 March 2005 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ↑ Harjo, Suzan Shown. "Ward Churchill: The White Man's Burden." Indian Country Today. 3 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Hoxie, Frederick E. Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006: 191-2. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 4
- ↑ Author Profile, Al Jazeera
- ↑ "Ai." University of Minnesota: Voices from the Gaps. Retrieved 9 July 2012
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 297
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 6
- ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 New 311
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Sigafus and Ernst
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 9
- ↑ Porter and Roemer 94–95
- ↑ Arthur Amiotee: Oglala Lakota. Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center. . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 39
- ↑ Hypatia. Project Muse. 18:2, Spring 2003 . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 41
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 337
- ↑ Waldman 67
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 McClinton-Temple and Velie 26
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 53
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 273
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Stevens, Michael W. "Biographical Dictionary of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara." Fort Berthold Library. New Town, ND: 2003. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ↑ Waldman 191
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 58
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 McClinton-Temple and Velie 247
- ↑ "Win Blevins." Authors McMillan. Retrieved 11 Jan 2013.
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 105, 336
- ↑ Barwick, Kelly. "Linda Boyden Interview." Ink Angst. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Porter and Roemer 136
- ↑ "Ignatia Broker." University of Minnesota: Voices from the Gaps. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ↑ "Navajo Nation Board of Education." Diné Education Quarterly. April–June 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2012
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 69
- ↑ "News: Louis F. Burns 1920-2012." Osage Nation Museum. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ↑ Plumber, Mary Annette. Getting to Know Dr. Gregory Cajete. Diverse Issues in Higher Education. 16 Oct 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ↑ "Capriccioso Takes Home NAJA Award." Win Awenen Nisitotung: Official Newspaper of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. Vol. 32, No. 8. 5 Aug 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 76, 254
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 77
- ↑ McClinton-Temple and Velie 190
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Porter and Roemer 51
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ March, Taran. "Spirits of the Water: Chilean writer uses poetry to transcend differences." Inside Chico State. Vol. 33, No. 6. 7 Nov 2002. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
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References
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