List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
This is a list of the tallest mountains in the Solar System; in some cases, the tallest peaks of different classes on a world are also listed. At 21.9 km, the enormous shield volcano Olympus Mons on Mars is the tallest mountain on any planet. For 40 years, following its discovery in 1971, it was the tallest mountain known in the Solar System. However, in 2011, the central peak of the crater Rheasilvia on the asteroid and protoplanet Vesta was found to be of comparable height.[lower-alpha 1]
List
The heights are given as base-to-peak, because there is no nonarbitrary equivalent to height above sea level on other worlds.
World | Tallest peak(s) | Height | % of radius[lower-alpha 2] | Origin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mercury | Caloris Montes | ≤ 3 km (1.9 mi)[1][2] | 0.12 | impact[3] | Formed by the Caloris impact |
Venus | Skadi Mons | 6.4 km (4.0 mi) (approx.) [4] | 0.11 | tectonic[5] | Has radar-bright slopes due to metallic Venus snow, possibly lead sulfide[6] |
Maat Mons | 4.9 km (3.0 mi) (approx.)[7] | 0.081 | volcanic[8] | Highest volcano on Venus | |
Earth | Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa | 10.2 km (6.3 mi)[9] | 0.16 | volcanic | Just 4.2 km (2.6 mi) of this is above sea level |
Pico del Teide | 7.5 km (4.7 mi)[10] | 0.12 | volcanic | Rises 3.7 km above sea level[10] | |
Denali | 5.3 to 5.9 km (3.3 to 3.7 mi)[11] | 0.093 | tectonic | Tallest mountain base-to-peak on land[12][lower-alpha 3] | |
Mount Everest | 3.6 to 4.6 km (2.2 to 2.9 mi)[13] | 0.072 | tectonic | 4.6 km on north face, 3.6 km on south face.[lower-alpha 4] | |
Moon | Mons Huygens | 5.5 km (3.4 mi)[14][15] | 0.32 | impact | Formed by the Imbrium impact |
Mons Hadley | 4.5 km (2.8 mi)[14][15] | 0.26 | impact | Formed by the Imbrium impact | |
Mons Rümker | 1.1 km (0.68 mi)[16] | 0.063 | volcanic | Largest volcanic construct on the Moon[16] | |
Mars | Olympus Mons | 21.9 km (14 mi)[17][18] | 0.65 | volcanic | Rises 26 km above northern plains,[19] 1000 km away. |
Ascraeus Mons | 14.9 km (9.3 mi)[17] | 0.44 | volcanic | Tallest of the three Tharsis Montes | |
Elysium Mons | 12.6 km (7.8 mi)[17] | 0.37 | volcanic | Highest volcano in Elysium | |
Arsia Mons | 11.7 km (7.3 mi)[17] | 0.35 | volcanic | Summit caldera is 108 to 138 km (67 to 86 mi) across[17] | |
Pavonis Mons | 8.4 km (5.2 mi)[17] | 0.25 | volcanic | Summit caldera is 4.8 km (3.0 mi) deep[17] | |
Anseris Mons | 6.2 km (3.9 mi)[20] | 0.18 | impact | Among the highest nonvolcanic peaks on Mars, formed by the Hellas impact | |
Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp") | 4.5 to 5.5 km (2.8 to 3.4 mi)[21][lower-alpha 5] | 0.16 | depositional[lower-alpha 6] | Formed from deposits in Gale crater; to be ascended by the MSL rover[25] | |
Vesta | Rheasilvia central peak | 22 km (14 mi)[26][27] | 8.4 | impact | See also List of largest craters in the Solar System |
Ceres | Ahuna Mons | 4 km (2.5 mi)[28] | 0.85 | uncertain | Isolated steep-sided dome in relatively smooth area |
Io | Boösaule Montes "South"[29] | 17.5 to 18.2 km (10.9 to 11.3 mi)[30] | 1.0 | tectonic | Has a 15 km (9 mi) high scarp on its SE margin[31] |
Ionian Mons east ridge | 12.7 km (7.9 mi) (approx.)[31][32] | 0.70 | tectonic | Has the form of a curved double ridge | |
Euboea Montes | 10.3 to 13.4 km (6.4 to 8.3 mi)[33] | 0.74 | tectonic | A NW flank landslide left a 25,000 km3 debris apron[34][lower-alpha 7] | |
unnamed (245° W, 30° S) | 2.5 km (1.6 mi) (approx.)[35][36] | 0.14 | volcanic | One of the tallest of Io's many volcanoes, with an atypical conical form[36][lower-alpha 8] | |
Mimas | Herschel central peak | 7 km (4 mi) (approx.)[38] | 3.5 | impact | <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> |
Dione | Janiculum Dorsa | 1.5 km (0.9 mi)[39] | 0.27 | tectonic[lower-alpha 9] | Surrounding crust depressed ca. 0.3 km. |
Titan | Mithrim Montes | 3.3 km (2.1 mi)[41] | 0.13 | tectonic[41] | May have formed due to global contraction[42] |
Doom Mons | 1.45 km (0.90 mi)[43] | 0.056 | cryovolcanic[43] | Adjacent to Sotra Patera, a 1.7 km (1.1 mi) deep collapse feature[43] | |
Iapetus | equatorial ridge | 20 km (12 mi) (approx.)[44] | 2.7 | uncertain[lower-alpha 10] | Individual peaks have not been measured |
Oberon | unnamed ("limb mountain") | 11 km (7 mi) (approx.)[38] | 1.4 | impact (?) | A value of 6 km was given shortly after the Voyager 2 encounter[48] |
Pluto | Piccard Mons[lower-alpha 11][49][50] | ~5.6 km (3.5 mi)[51] | 0.47 | cryovolcanic (?) | ~220 km across[51] |
Wright Mons[lower-alpha 11][49][50] | ~4.0 km (2.5 mi)[49] | 0.34 | cryovolcanic (?) | ~160 km across;[49] summit depression ~56 km across[52] | |
Norgay Montes[lower-alpha 11][53] | ≤ 3.5 km (2.2 mi)[54] | 0.30 | tectonic[54] (?) | Composed of water ice;[54] named after Tenzing Norgay[55] |
Gallery
The following images are shown in order of decreasing base-to-peak height.
-
Central peak of Vesta's crater Rheasilvia, imaged by Dawn from 100,000 km
-
Olympus Mons on Mars as viewed from Viking 1 in 1978
-
Cassini image of Iapetus's equatorial ridge
-
Voyager 1 photo of Io's highest peak, Boösaule Montes "South"
-
Ascraeus Mons (THEMIS IR with MOLA altimetry, 3x vertical stretch), Mars
-
Io's Euboea Montes (below top left), Haemus Montes (lower right); north is left
-
Cassini photo of Herschel crater on Mimas and its central peak
-
Magellan SAR image of Skadi Mons in Venus's Maxwell Montes
-
Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), Mars (as viewed by the rover Curiosity on 6 August 6, 2012).[lower-alpha 12]
-
Maat Mons, Venus (radar imaging plus altimetry, 10x vertical exaggeration)
-
The Moon's Mons Hadley, near the Apollo 15 landing site (1971)
-
Mt. Everest (Chomolungma/ Sagarmāthā), Tibet/Nepal
-
Ahuna Mons on Ceres, imaged by Dawn from LAMO
-
Pluto's possible cryovolcano Wright Mons, showing its central depression
-
New Horizons image of the enigmatic Norgay Montes of Pluto
-
Cassini SAR image of Titan's Mithrim Montes, showing 3 parallel ridges
-
Radar-generated view of Titan's cryovolcanic Doom Mons and Sotra Patera (10x vertical stretch)
See also
- List of extraterrestrial volcanoes
- List of largest craters in the Solar System
- List of largest rifts and valleys in the Solar System
- List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
- Mons (astrogeology)
- Topographic prominence
- List of the highest mountains on Earth
Notes
- ↑ Olympus Mons, however, is a much broader peak; its diameter exceeds that of Vesta itself.
- ↑ 100 x ratio of peak height to radius of the parent world
- ↑ On p. 20 of Helman (2005): "the base to peak rise of Mount McKinley is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some 18000 feet"
- ↑ Peak is 8.8 km (5.5 mi) above sea level, and over 13 km (8.1 mi) above the oceanic abyssal plain.
- ↑ About 5.25 km high from the perspective of the landing site of Curiosity.[22]
- ↑ A crater central peak may sit below the mound of sediment. If that sediment was deposited while the crater was flooded, the crater may have once been entirely filled before erosional processes gained the upper hand.[21] However, if the deposition was due to katabatic winds, as suggested by reported 3 degree radial slopes of the mound's layers, the role of erosion would have been to place an upper limit on the mound's growth.[23][24]
- ↑ Among the Solar System's largest[34]
- ↑ Some of Io's paterae are surrounded by radial patterns of lava flows, indicating they are on a topographic high point, making them shield volcanoes. Most of these volcanoes exhibit relief of less than 1 km. A few have more relief; Ruwa Patera rises 2.5 to 3 km over its 300 km width. However, its slopes are only on the order of a degree.[37] A handful of Io's smaller shield volcanoes have steeper, conical profiles; the example listed is 60 km across and has slopes averaging 4° and reaching 6-7° approaching the small summit depression.[37]
- ↑ Was apparently formed via contraction.[40]
- ↑ Hypotheses of origin include crustal readjustment associated with a decrease in oblateness due to tidal locking,[45][46] and deposition of deorbiting material from a former ring around the moon.[47]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Name not yet approved by the IAU
- ↑ A linearized wide-angle hazcam image that makes the mountain look steeper than it actually is. The highest peak is not visible in this view.
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Mount Everest (1:50,000 scale map), prepared under the direction of Bradford Washburn for the Boston Museum of Science, the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, and the National Geographic Society, 1991, ISBN 3-85515-105-9
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Carr, M.H., 2006, The Surface of Mars, Cambridge, 307 p.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ JMARS MOLA elevation dataset. Christensen, P.; Gorelick, N.; Anwar, S.; Dickenshied, S.; Edwards, C.; Engle, E. (2007) "New Insights About Mars From the Creation and Analysis of Mars Global Datasets;" American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, abstract #P11E-01.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- High resolution side view color image of Rheasilvia's central peak at Planetary.org (peak is at upper right)
- Color mosaic of Vesta's southern hemisphere, showing Rheasilvia
- Color panorama of Aeolis Mons from 21 September 2012
- Gigapixel panorama of the Mt. Everest area by David Breashears