Flame palmette
The flame palmette is a motif in decorative art which, in its most characteristic expression, resembles the fan-shaped leaves of a palm tree. "Flame palmettes" are different from regular palmettes in that, traditionally palmettes tended to have sharply splaying leaves. From the 4th century BC however, the end of the leaves tend to turn in, forming what is called the "flame palmette" design.[1]
Greece
The first appearance of "flame palmettes" seem to occur with the stand-alone floral akroteria of the Parthenon (447-432 BC),[2] and slightly later at the Temple of Athena Nike.[3] Flame palmettes were then introduced into friezes of floral motifs in replacement of the regular palmette. According to Boardman, although lotus friezes or palmette friezes were known in Mesopotamia centuries before, the unnatural combination of various botanical elements which have no relationship in the wild, such as the palmette, the lotus and sometimes rosette flowers, is a purely Greek innovation, which was then adopted on a very broad geographical scale.[4]
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A flame palmette at the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Mieza
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Asia Minor
In Asia Minor, some of the earliest designs of flaming palmettes can be found in the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, and are dated to 350 BC. They are also extensively used at the 3rd century BC Ionic Temple of Didyma.
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Fragment of frieze with flame palmette design, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, 350 BC.
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"Flame palmette" design (center) at Didyma, 3rd century BC.
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Anta capital with flame palmette, Didyma, Miletus.
Greco-Bactria
The flame palmette design that was adopted in Hellenistic architecture and became very popular on a wide geographical scale, especially following the conquests of Alexander the Great. In the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai-Khanoum, founded circa 280 BC, the antefixae display a flame palmette design, as do floral mosaics.
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Architectural antefixae with Hellenistic "Flame palmette" design, Ai-Khanoum.
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Ai- Khanoum mosaic (central detail in color).
India
This is the design that was adopted by India in the 3rd century BC for some of its sculptural friezes, such as on the abaci of the Pillars of Ashoka, or the central design of the Pataliputra capital, probably through the Seleucid Empire or Hellenistic cities such as Ai-Khanoum.[5]
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The Pataliputra capital, with a central and a lateral "flame palmette" design, 3rd century BC.
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Two lotuses framing a "flame palmette" surrounded by small rosette flowers, over a band of beads and reels. Allahabad pillar, circa 250 BC.
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The Mathura lion capital with a central flame palmette. 1st century BC.
References
- ↑ "Reflections on The origins of Indian Stone Architecture", John Boardman, p.16 [1]
- ↑ NEW FRAGMENTI'S OF THE PARTHENON ACROTERIA, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens [2]
- ↑ The Sanctuary of Athena Nike in Athens: Architectural Stages and Chronology, Ira S. Mark, ASCSA, 1993, p.83 [3]
- ↑ The Origins of Indian Stone Archtitecture, John Boardman, p.16
- ↑ "Reflections on The origins of Indian Stone Architecture", John Boardman, p.16 [4]
External links
Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons
