D. James Kennedy

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D. James Kennedy
D James Kennedy.jpg
Born (1930-11-03)November 3, 1930
Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
Cause of death Heart condition
Education Ph.D. from New York University
Spouse(s) Anne Craig Lewis
Children Jennifer Kennedy Cassidy (b. 1962)
Church Presbyterian Church in America
Congregations served
 Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Dennis James Kennedy (November 3, 1930 – September 5, 2007), better known as D. James Kennedy, was an American pastor, evangelist, and Christian broadcaster. He founded the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he was senior pastor from 1960 until his death in 2007. Kennedy also founded Evangelism Explosion International, Coral Ridge Ministries (since 2011, Truth in Action Ministries), the Westminster Academy in Fort Lauderdale, the Knox Theological Seminary, and the Center for Reclaiming America for Christ, a socially conservative political group.

In 1974, he began Coral Ridge Ministries, which produced his weekly religious television program, The Coral Ridge Hour (now "Truth that Transforms"), carried on various networks and syndicated on numerous other stations with a peak audience of three million viewers in 200 countries.[1] He also had a daily radio program, Truths That Transform (1984-2012).[2] During his lifetime, Coral Ridge Ministries grew to a US$37-million-a-year non-profit corporation with an audience of 3.5 million.

In 2003, the National Religious Broadcasters association inducted Kennedy into its Hall of Fame. As a result of a heart attack (in 2006), from which he never fully recovered, Kennedy last preached at Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church later that year, on December 24, 2006. His retirement was officially announced at the church on August 26, 2007, and he died in his home ten days later.

Personal information and career

Early years and family life

D. James Kennedy was born in Augusta, Georgia, and moved with his parents to Chicago, Illinois, during his childhood. His father was a glass salesman, and his parents were Methodists.[3] Kennedy joined the Boy Scouts. He later moved with his family to Tampa, Florida, where in 1948 he graduated from Henry B. Plant High School and began studying music at the University of Tampa. After two years he dropped out of college, began working as a dance instructor at the Arthur Murray Dance Studio in Tampa, and later won a first prize in a nationwide dance contest.[3] On August 25, 1956, he married Anne Lewis, whom he had met while giving her dance lessons at Arthur Murray. They had one daughter, Jennifer, born in 1962.[3]

Education

Bethel Presbyterian Church, where Kennedy began preaching in 1956

Kennedy became a Christian in 1953 after hearing a radio preacher present the Gospel, which Kennedy later said he had never heard up to that point. In December 1955, Kennedy decided to quit his Arthur Murray job to enter the ministry. He resumed his studies at the University of Tampa (graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1958) and began preaching at the small Bethel Presbyterian Church in nearby Clearwater, Florida.[3] The following year, Kennedy entered Columbia Theological Seminary, receiving a Master of Divinity degree.[4] After his ordination in 1959, Kennedy became the pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, where he remained until his death. In the 1970s he earned a Master of Theology summa cum laude from the Chicago Graduate School of Theology,[3] and in 1979 a doctorate in religious education from New York University.[4][5][6] His doctoral dissertation was on the history of an evangelism program he founded.[7] Kennedy said that he earned a Ph D. "to dispel the idea there is an inconsistency between evangelism and education...evangelical ministers [need] to be thoroughly educated and equipped to meet on equal terms anyone with whom they come in contact".[3]

Ministry and theology

Initially ordained in 1959 by the Presbyterian Church in the United States, Kennedy later became an ordained minister in the Presbyterian Church in America, after he and his church left the PCUS in 1978. Espousing a traditional Calvinist theology, Kennedy's theological works include Why I Believe, What If Jesus Had Never Been Born, Skeptics Answered, and Truths That Transform. In 1971, he founded the Westminster Academy in Fort Lauderdale and, in 1989, Knox Theological Seminary.

Kennedy was a conservative evangelical minister who was often involved in political activities within the Christian right. He wrote (with Jerry Newcombe) What if America Were a Christian Nation Again? and frequently preached messages arguing that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. Kennedy started the Center for Christian Statesmanship, an evangelical ministry on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. The Center closed in 2007 by Coral Ridge Ministries but quickly reopened under the auspices of Evangelism Explosion International, as the non-partisan Christian outreach to Members of the United States Congress, now with Dr. George Roller as executive director. The Center awards a "Distinguished Christian Statesman Award" annually to high profile Christian political leaders.[8][9] Award recipients include Tom DeLay, Sam Brownback, John Ashcroft, and Mike Huckabee.

Critics called Kennedy a leader of the Dominionism movement.[10][11][12][13]

In 2005, the National Religious Broadcasters association inducted Kennedy into its Hall of Fame.

Founding of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church

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Main article: Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church
Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Kennedy founded the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale in 1960. Beginning with 45 persons attending a typical Sunday service, it became the fastest-growing Presbyterian church in the U.S. in the 1960s and had 1,366 members by 1968.[3] Kennedy developed the Evangelism Explosion ("EE") method of evangelism in the 1960s, which emphasizes the training of church laypeople to share their faith by home visitation in the community.[3] A film, Like a Mighty Army, was produced in 1970 and starred actor Chris Robinson as Kennedy, portraying the Evangelism Explosion story at Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church.[3] In 1978, Kennedy began the weekly Coral Ridge Hour on national television, which at its peak had a weekly audience of three million viewers in 200 countries and was aired on more than 400 stations and four cable networks, including the Trinity Broadcasting Network, The Inspiration Network (INSP) and the NRB Network, as well as broadcast to more than 150 countries on the Armed Forces Network.[1][14] By the 1980s, the church's membership had grown to almost 10,000 persons.[14] As of 2009, the church has 2,200 members and weekly attendance averages 1,800 persons.[15]

Retirement and death

On the evening of December 28, 2006, Kennedy experienced prolonged ventricular tachycardia at his Fort Lauderdale home, leading to cardiac arrest which deprived his brain of adequate oxygen for six to eight minutes. As a result, he sustained a loss of short-term memory and speech impairment.[16] Despite several months of rehabilitation and convalescence, he was unable to resume preaching and his retirement was announced on Sunday, August 26, 2007, at the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church by his daughter, Jennifer Kennedy Cassidy.[14][17]

In a statement following news of Kennedy's retirement, the church announced the development of the D. James Kennedy Legacy website in tribute to the life of the Christian evangelist.[18]

Kennedy died in his sleep at home in the early morning hours of September 5, 2007.[4][14][19][20] The White House issued a statement the following day, saying that U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush were "deeply saddened" by Kennedy's death, calling the Florida-based televangelist and author "a man of great vision, faith, and integrity ... Dr. Kennedy's message of love and hope inspired millions through the institutions he founded ...".[21] Kennedy is buried at Lauderdale Memorial Park Cemetery in Fort Lauderdale[22]

Shortly after Kennedy’s heart attack, Coral Ridge Ministries reduced The Coral Ridge Hour syndication and shortened the program from an hour to 30 minutes.[23][24] Kennedy's daughter, Jennifer, stated on the program in February 2008 that viewers' donations to the broadcast ministry had declined significantly in the wake of the founding pastor's death. The Coral Ridge Hour, featuring taped messages of Kennedy’s sermons and newly produced news and interview segments, continues to air nationwide on the Inspiration Network, The Church Channel, Daystar, NRB Network, CTN, and other local stations.[25] The Center for Reclaiming America for Christ, Coral Ridge Ministries' social action group, folded shortly after Kennedy's heart attack.[1][4]

In 1970, the actor Chris Robinson portrayed Kennedy in the film Like a Mighty Army.

Apologetics and views

In Christian apologetics, Kennedy contended for Christianity as a reasonable faith and wrote several books, Why I Believe, Skeptics Answered, and Solving Bible Mysteries, to make the case for Christian faith from history, science, and logic. “Skeptics are welcome,” he wrote in his book, Skeptics Answered: “Christianity has answers that are not only satisfying for the soul but also satisfying for the mind.... Throughout the ages, many skeptics have looked at Christianity’s historicity and have ended up coming to faith in Christ. The evidence is there. It just needs to be looked at with an open mind.”[26] Kennedy also offered a “cultural apologetic” in which he argued for the earthly benefits brought by the influence of Christ and the Bible. His books (with Jerry Newcombe), What If Jesus Had Never Been Born and What If the Bible Had Never Been Written, seek to document the positive impact of Christianity and the Bible in education, law, civil liberty, science, economics, the family, medicine, and the arts.

Many of his public messages focused on American history and the faith of the Founding Fathers of the United States in relation to a Christian worldview. For instance, Kennedy cited John Quincy Adams’ claim that Christianity is “indissolubly linked” to the founding of America.[27] Kennedy wrote the forward to the 1987 book Christianity and the Constitution: The Faith of Our Founding Fathers authored by law professor John Eidsmoe.[28] Kennedy was a founding member of the board of Moral Majority, a political movement in the 1970s and 1980s.[29][30] Kennedy, in opposition to same-sex marriage, called for a constitutional "Firewall" to protect the nation from "counterfeit marriage."[31]

The Constitution Restoration Act was a bill promoted during the 2005 Confronting the Judicial War on Faith conference that sought to authorize Congress to impeach judges who fail to acknowledge "God as the sovereign source of law, liberty, or government" and to limit the power of the federal judiciary to rule in religious liberty cases.[32] Kennedy was a co-signer of the "Land Letter" sent to President George W. Bush in October 2002 which outlined a "just war" rationale for the military invasion of Iraq.[33] Kennedy sought to "reclaim America for Christ", a project he said, to “bring this nation back to God, back to decency, back to morality, back to those things that we wish America was like again.”[34]

The Americans United for the Separation of Church and State (AUSCS, "Americans United" or simply AU) criticized Kennedy's founding of Center for Reclaiming America for being "just another Religious Right outfit obsessed with opposing legal abortion and gay rights and bashing public education."[35] AUSCS also says that "Kennedy's ministry has always promoted right-wing politics," and "it isn't uncommon to tune in to 'The Coral Ridge Hour' and hear him preach against legal abortion, anti-discrimination protections for gays or the teaching of evolution in public schools." AUSCS also criticized Kennedy and his ministry for that it "frequently sends out fund-raising appeals," saying, "One recent letter asked for funds to stop PBS stations from airing a 'homosexual-propaganda program' called It's Elementary."

There have been attempts to link Coral Ridge Ministries, and Kennedy by association, to Christian Reconstructionists.[36] Though Kennedy has hosted Christian Reconstructionists Rousas John Rushdoony and Gary North on his program in the 1980s,[37] he has rejected attempts to link him to Reconstructionist or Dominionism movements. “I am not advocating a theocracy,” Kennedy (and co-author Jerry Newcombe) state in How Would Jesus Vote: A Christian Perspective on the Issues. “I would not have America reinstitute the Old Testament civil and legal systems to replace our governmental legislation.”[38] He denounced in the late 1980s any attempts to link him to Reconstructionist or Dominionism movement as a McCarthyist technique of guilt by association, and said he does not approve of their theology.[37][39] Critic Frederick Clarkson argues that despite his denial, Kennedy meets Clarkson's criteria for being a dominionist.[40] In an interview with NPR's Terry Gross, host of the program "Fresh Air", Kennedy cast his objectives within a democratic framework. Asked whether he wanted all public office holders to be Christians, Kennedy answered, "We have people who are secular and humanist and unbelievers who are constantly supporting in every way possible other people who share those views. And I don't object to that. That's their privilege. And I think that Christians should be allowed the same privilege to vote for people whom they believe share their views about life and government. And that's all I'm talking about."[41]

In creation-evolution debates, Kennedy was a proponent of the general tenets of a special creation by God and the supernatural presumptions of young earth creationists and proponents of intelligent design. He argued that the expression and promotion of such beliefs should be protected as free speech and that, contrary to scientific consensus, such beliefs were scientifically accurate.[6][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] Kennedy did not believe in the fact that species evolved and disputed the theory of evolution by saying, “The two most notorious and blood-soaked political movements of the twentieth century, Nazism and Communism, both rejected God and were animated by the idea of evolution.”[52] According to Kennedy, “if one believes that evolution is true, then we are simply the product of time and chance and there is no morality and no intrinsic worth to human life.”[52] That theme is reflected in Coral Ridge's 2006 documentary Darwin's Deadly Legacy, which includes an interview with Richard Weikart, professor of modern European history at California State University, Stanislaus, and author of the 2004 book From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics and Racism in Germany. Weikart, who lived for five years in Germany, one of which was on a Fulbright Scholarship, is also author of the 2009 book, Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress and a Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute. The Discovery Institute is the hub of the intelligent design movement,[53] and the Institute's Fellows have been infrequent Coral Ridge Ministries guest speakers. Phillip E. Johnson, considered the father of the movement,[54] was a featured speaker at Coral Ridge Ministries' 1999 Reclaiming America for Christ Conference.[55] There he gave a speech called How the Evolution Debate Can Be Won which was widely promoted by the Ministries' Truths that Transform.[56] The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a press release in 2006 strongly criticizing[57] Darwin's Deadly Legacy, a neo-creationist documentary produced by the Coral Ridge Ministries,[58] which attempts to link evolution to Adolf Hitler:

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This is an outrageous and shoddy attempt by D. James Kennedy to trivialize the horrors of the Holocaust. Hitler did not need Darwin to devise his heinous plan to exterminate the Jewish people. Trivializing the Holocaust comes from either ignorance at best or, at worst, a mendacious attempt to score political points in the culture war on the backs of six million Jewish victims and others who died at the hands of the Nazis.

The ADL further denounced Kennedy as "a leader among the distinct group of 'Christian Supremacists' who seek to 'reclaim America for Christ' and turn the U.S. into a Christian nation guided by their strange notions of biblical law." The ADL's response also quotes Christian geneticist Francis Collins, who was interviewed for the program, repudiating it, saying he was "absolutely appalled by what Coral Ridge Ministries is doing. I had NO knowledge that Coral Ridge Ministries was planning a TV special on Darwin and Hitler, and I find the thesis of Dr. Kennedy's program utterly misguided and inflammatory".[59] In a release,[60] Coral Ridge Ministries rejected the statement attributed to Francis Collins that he was misled and had "NO knowledge that Coral Ridge Ministries was planning a TV special on Darwin and Hitler":

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A producer told Dr. Collins in person before the interview began that he was being interviewed for a program that would address the adverse social consequences of Darwin. In addition, he was asked specifically, during the interview, about the Darwin-Hitler connection and responded on tape that he did not agree with that view.

According to the Coral Ridge press release, Collins had signed a "talent release", giving "Coral Ridge Ministries the right to use his interview 'without limitation in all perpetuity.'"[60] Out of courtesy to Collins, the Ministry decided to delete his interview for all future airings and DVD copies of the program.

Coral Ridge Ministries answered other parts of the ADL's criticisms in an August 22, 2006 press release,[61] stating that “ADL National Director Abe Foxman, who has not viewed our television program ... ignores the historical fact that Adolf Hitler was an evolutionist.”

"The fox always remains the fox. The goose always remains the goose. The tiger shall always have the attributes of a tiger."

"And further they ought to be brought to realize that it is their bounden duty to give to the Almighty Creator beings such as He himself made to his own image."

"Everybody who has the right kind of feeling for his country is solemnly bound, each within his denomination, to see that he is not constantly talking about the Will of God merely from the lips but in the actual fact he fulfills the will of God and does not allow God's handiwork to be debased. For it was by the will of God that men were made of a certain bodily shape,were given their natures and faculties. Whoever destroys his work wages war against God's Creation and God's will:"

"This planet will, as it did thousands of years ago, move through the ether devoid of men."

The release cited three sources for the assertion of a Darwin-Hitler connection. First, historian Richard Weikart, who said,

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Among German historians, there’s really not much debate about whether or not Hitler was a social Darwinist. He clearly was drawing on Darwinian ideas.

The Social Darwinism being referenced is a famous and generally discarded distortion of evolutionary theory that argued that "survival of the fittest" implied less successful people are less fit for society. The offshoot eugenics movement further argued for artificial selection rather than natural selection.

The release also cited a Hitler contemporary, Scottish anatomist and anthropologist Sir Arthur Keith, who wrote in the 1940s,

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The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist. He has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution.

In the next sentence, Keith says "He has failed, not because evolution is false, but because he has made three fatal errors in its application". In this context, Keith is acknowledging Hitler's abuse of evolutionary biology, that Hitler misused evolutionary theory as a justification for his crimes.)[62]

Finally, the release claimed that evolutionist Niles Eldredge “freely admits the link between Darwin and Hitler.” The reference to Eldredge, a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, was in regards to the following quote:

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social Darwinism has given us the eugenics movement and some of its darker outgrowths, such as the genocidal practices of the Nazis in World War II — where eugenics was invoked as a scientific rationale to go along with whatever other "reasons" Hitler and his fellow Nazis had for the Holocaust.[63]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  2. ↑ Current and archived versions of both programs are available at the Truth in Action website.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 D. James Kennedy dies, National Center for Science Education, September 5, 2007
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Center for Christian Statesmanship reopens on Capitol Hill Allie Martin. OneNewsNow.com, May 16, 2007.
  9. ↑ Evangelism Explosion International
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ "The Rise of the Religious Right in the Republican Party", TheocracyWatch, Last updated: December 2005; URL accessed May 25, 2006.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Jennifer Kennedy Cassidy statement, Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Fort Lauderdale, Florida (August 26, 2007).
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Dr. D. James Kennedy dead at age 76 retrieved 2007-09-05 Archived September 7, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ Powerful pastor D. James Kennedy dead at 76 retrieved 2007-09-05
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ D. James Kennedy at Find A Grave
  23. ↑ Brian Fisher, “Season of Change,” Impact, March 2008, Coral Ridge Ministries. At http://www.coralridge.org/_catalogs/impact/CRM_ImpactNWsltr03-08.pdf.
  24. ↑ Brian Fisher, “Accentuate the Positive,” Impact, April 2008, Coral Ridge Ministries. At http://www.coralridge.org/_catalogs/impact/CRM_ImpactNWsltr04-08.pdf.
  25. ↑ See Coral Ridge Ministries “Station Finder” at http://www.coralridge.org/stationfinder/default.aspx.
  26. ↑ D. James Kennedy, Skeptics Answered (Sisters, Oregon: Multnomah Publishers, 1997), 13, 14.
  27. ↑ D. James Kennedy, Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the United States (Fort Lauderdale, Fla: Coral Ridge Ministries, 2004), 2.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Jerry Falwell, Falwell: An Autobiography (Lynchburg: Liberty House Publishers, 1997), 383. Cited in John Barber, America Restored (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.: Coral Ridge Ministries, 2002), 31.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ D. James Kennedy, “Why Reclaiming America?” Message delivered in 2000 to the Reclaiming America for Christ conference, Coral Ridge Ministries. Available at 14:25 at http://www.coralridge.org/medialibrary/default.aspx?mediaID=2505.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Mencimer, Stephanie (2011-01-10) Does Bachmann Believe Congress Should be Run by Christians?, Mother Jones
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ D. James Kennedy, Ph.D., and Jerry Newcombe, How Would Jesus Vote: A Christian Perspective on the Issues (Colorado Springs: WaterBrook Press, 2008), 19.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ "Closing the Gap Between Church and State," Terry Gross interview with D. James Kennedy, Fresh Air, May 18, 2005. Accessed at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4656600.
  42. ↑ D. James Kennedy: Who Is He And What Does He Want?, Rob Boston, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, April 1999 citing Kennedy's 1994 book Character & Destiny: A Nation In Search of Its Soul
  43. ↑ Excerpts from Lord of All, D. James Kennedy and Jerry Newcombe, Crossway Books, 2005
  44. ↑ Creation Defender D. James Kennedy Goes Home, Institute for Creation Research
  45. ↑ Solving Bible Mysteries, D. James Kennedy, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2000
  46. ↑ What If Jesus Had Never Been Born, D. James Kennedy and Jerry Newcombe, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1994, revised 2001
  47. ↑ Truth In Action Ministries (formerly Coral Ridge Ministries) promotes and sells Creationism books and videos [1]
  48. ↑ Fearfully And Wonderfully Made, Sermon by D. James Kennedy. The Coral Ridge Hour, August 2003.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ The Republican War on Science Chris Mooney.
  51. ↑ C. L. Cagan and Robert Hymers (2006). From Darwin to Design, foreword by D. James Kennedy. Whitaker House, USA. ISBN 0-88368-122-6.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 D. James Kennedy, "Ideas Have Consequences," Impact, August 2005, p. 8, Coral Ridge Ministries newsletter.
  53. ↑ The Dover Monkey Trial Chris Mooney. Seed Magazinem October 1, 2005.
  54. ↑ Father of Intelligent Design Kim Minugh. Sacramento Bee, May 11, 2006.
  55. ↑ Reclaim America .org
  56. ↑ How the Evolution Debate Can Be Won Phillip Johnson. Truths that Transform.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Coral Ridge Ministries and Orthodox Rabbi Reject Anti-Defamation League Attack on TV Special Linking Darwin to Hitler," Coral Ridge Ministries, Aug. 24, 2006. Accessed 08-27-2010 at http://www.coralridge.org/partnercentral/ministrynewsdetail.aspx?id=215.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Sir Arthur Keith, Essays on Human Evolution (Watts, 1946), 210
  63. ↑ Niles Eldredge, Darwin: Discovering the Tree of Life, W. W. Norton & Company, New York/London, 2005, p. 13.

External links

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