Turan (Sasanian province)
| Sasanian Turan |
||
|---|---|---|
Turan (also spelled Turgistan and Turestan) was a province of the Sasanian Empire located in present-day Pakistan.[1] The province was mainly populated by Indians,[2] and bordered Paradan in the west, Hind in the east, Sakastan in the north, and Makuran in the south.[3] The main city and bastion of the province was Bauterna (Khuzdar/Quzdar).[2]
The province had been a kingdom under the Indo-Parthian king Pahares I, before submitting to the first Sasanian monarch Ardashir I (r. 224–242) in 230 AD.[4][5] These events were recorded by Al-Tabari, describing the arrival of envoys from Makran and Turan to Ardeshir at Gor:[5]
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
“Then he [Ardashir] marched back from the Sawad to Istakhr, from there first to Sagistan, then to Gurgan, then to Abrasahr, Merv, Balkh, and Khwarizm to the farthest boundaries of the provinces of Kohrasan, whereupon he returned to Merv. After he had killed many people and sent their heads to the Fire temple of Anahedh he returned from Merv to Pars and settled in Gor. Then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and Mokran came to him with declarations of their submission."
Turan was then governed by the Sakanshah, the first notable one being Ardashir I's grandson, Narseh.[7][8] The province is mentioned in Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht of 262 CE, among the many provinces of the Sasanian Empire:[9][10]
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
File:Shapur Kabe Zartosht Pahlavi scripts.pngParthian version of the Shapur I inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht."And I (Shapur I) possess the lands: Fars Persis, Pahlav (Parthia) (......) and all of Abarshahr (all the upper (eastern, Parthian) provinces), Kerman (Kirman), Sakastan, Turgistan, Makuran, Pardan (Paradene), Hind (Sind) and Kushanshahr all the way to Pashkibur (Peshawar?) and to the borders of Kashgaria, Sogdia and Chach (Tashkent) and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr (Oman)."
— Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht (262 CE), translation by Josef Wiesehöfer (1996).[11][12][13]
The 19th-century historian Wilhelm Tomaschek suggested that the name of Turan possibly derived from the Iranian word tura(n), meaning "hostile, non-Iranian land".[4] The name was also used in the Iranian national epic Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") to denote the lands above Khorasan and the Oxus River, later viewed as the land of the Turks and other non-Iranians.[4]
The region was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate circa 650 CE, as part of the Indian subcontinent.
References
- ↑ Brunner 1983, pp. 748–750, 775.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Brunner 1983, p. 776.
- ↑ Brunner 1983, pp. 748–749.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bosworth 2011.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Brunner 1983, p. 775.
- ↑ Weber 2016.
- ↑ Gardner 2014, p. 57.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ The complete paragraph goes:
"And I [Shapur I] possess the lands: Fars [Persis], Pahlav [Parthia], Huzestan [Khuzistan], Meshan [Maishan, Mesene], Asorestan [Mesopotamia], Nod-Ardakhshiragan [Adiabene], Arbayestan [Arabia], Adurbadagan [Atropatene], Armen [Armenia], Virozan [Iberia], Segan [Machelonia], Arran [Albania], Balasagan up to the Caucasus and to the ‘gate of the Alans’ and all of Padishkhvar[gar] [the entire Elburz chain = Tabaristan and Gelan (?)], Mad [Media], Gurgan [Hyrcania], Marv [Margiana], Harey [Aria], and all of Abarshahr [all the upper (= eastern, Parthian) provinces], Kerman [Kirman], Sakastan, Turgistan, Makuran, Pardan [Paradene], Hind [Sind] and Kushanshahr all the way to Pashkibur [Peshawar?] and to the borders of Kashgaria, Sogdia and Chach [Tashkent] and of that sea-coast Mazonshahr [‘Oman’]."
in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. - ↑ For a secondary source see Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ For another referenced translation, visible online, see: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sources
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
<templatestyles src="Asbox/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 |
This Pakistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
<templatestyles src="Asbox/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 |
This Sasanian Empire-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
