Pintupi

For the language, see Pintupi dialect.

The Pintupi are an Australian Aboriginal group who are part of the Western Desert cultural group and whose homeland is in the area west of Lake MacDonald and Lake Mackay in Western Australia. These people moved (or were moved) into the Aboriginal communities of Papunya and Haasts Bluff in the west of the Northern Territory in the 1940s–1980s. The last Pintupi to leave their traditional lifestyle in the desert, in 1984, are a group known as the Pintupi Nine, also sometimes called the "lost tribe".

Over recent decades groups of Pintupi have moved back to their traditional country, as part of what has come to be called the outstation movement. These groups set up the communities of Kintore (Walungurru in Pintupi) in the Northern Territory, Kiwirrkura and Jupiter Well (in Pintupi: Puntutjarrpa) in Western Australia. There was also a recent dramatic increase in Pintupi populations and speakers of the Pintupi language.

History

Inhabiting a very remote part of Australia, the Pintupi were among the last Aboriginal Australians to leave their traditional lifestyle. For many, this occurred as a result of the Blue Streak missile tests. As these would have a trajectory landing in the desert areas known to still be inhabited it was decided that these people should be relocated. A number of trips were made to the area and Aboriginal people were located and moved (or encouraged to move) in to one of the settlements on the eastern fringe of the desert, such as Haasts Bluff, Hermannsburg and Papunya. As a result of different people leaving the desert at different times and in different directions, Pintupi have wound up living at a variety of communities around the edge of the desert, including Warburton, Kaltukatjara (formerly known as Docker River), Balgo and Mulan, but the majority reside at the major Pintupi communities of Kintore, Kiwirrkura and Papunya.

In the 1960s, the Menzies Liberal government forced the removal of traditional-living Pintupi to settlements east of their country, closer to Alice Springs. The government argued that they were not ready to live in modern society and needed to be re-educated prior to assimilation into white society. In practice, this meant relocation from their traditional lands and suppression of their language, art and culture.

This policy also involved the forced removal of thousands of Aboriginal children from their parents and their dispersal into government or religious institutions or foster care (see Stolen Generation).

At Papunya, a government settlement, Pintupi mixed with Warlpiri, Arrernte, Anmatyerre and Luritja language groups, but formed the largest language group. Conditions were so bad that 129 people, or almost one-sixth of the residents, died of treatable diseases such as hepatitis, meningitis and encephalitis between 1962 and 1966.

Pintupi kinship

Main article: Australian Aboriginal kinship

In common with neighbouring groups, such as the Warlpiri, the Pintupi have a complex kinship system, with eight different kin groups, made more so by distinct prefixes for male and female skin names; "Tj" for males, "N" for females:

Men with skin name	Only marry women named	Sons will be	Daughters will be
Tjapaltjarri	Nakamarra	Tjungurrayi	Nungurrayi
Tjapangati	Nampitjinpa	Tjapanangka	Napanangka
Tjakamarra	Napaltjarri	Tjupurrula	Napurrula
Tjampitjinpa	Napangati	Tjangala	Nangala
Tjapanangka	Napurrula	Tjapangati	Napangati
Tjungurrayi	Nangala	Tjapaltjarri	Napaltjarri
Tjupurrula	Napanangka	Tjakamarra	Nakamarra
Tjangala	Nungurrayi	Tjampitjinpa	Nampitjinpa

Prominent Pintupi

Main article: Papunya Tula

First generation (the Bardon years 1971–1973)

• Anatjari Tjakamarra
• Charlie Tjakamarra
• Freddie West Tjakamarra
• Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra
• Old Mick Tjakamarra
• Anatjari No. 1 Tjampitjinpa
• Kaapa Tjampitjinpa
• Dinny Nolan Tjampitjinpa
• Old Walter Tjampitjinpa
• Uta Uta Tjangala
• David Corby Tjapaltjarri
• Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri
• Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri
• Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri
• Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri
• Johnny Scobie Tjapanangka
• Timmy Payungka Tjapangati
• Old Tutuma Tjapangati
• Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurayyi
• Shorty Lungkata Tjungurayyi
• Charlie Tarawa (Tjaruru) Tjungurrayi
• Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula
• Johnny Warrangkula Tjupurrula

Second generation (present)

• Long Jack Phillippus Tjakamarra
• Andrew Tolson Tjakamarra
• Tony Tjakamarra
• Jeremiah West Tjakamarra
• Richard Yukenbarri Tjakamarra
• Raymond Maxwell Tjampitjinpa
• Kenny Williams Tjampitjinpa
• Ray James Tjangala
• Lindsay Corby Tjapaltjarri
• John Corby Tjapaltjarri
• Adam Gibbs Tjapaltjarri
• James Gibson Tjapaltjarri
• Morris Gibson Tjapaltjarri
• Joseph Jurra Tjapaltjarri
• George Tjampu Tjapaltjarri
• Raymond Tjapaltjarri
• Warlimpirrnga Tjapaltjarri
• Donald Matthews Tjapanangka
• Charlie Tjapangati
• Kanya Tjapangati
• Charlie Wallabi Tjungurrayi
• George Ward Tjungurayyi
• Bobby West Tjupurrula
• Matthew West Tjupurrula
• Johnny Yungut Tjupurrula
• Mickini Tjupurrula (artist)

Women artists

• Elizabeth Marks Nakamarra
• Narrabri Nakamarra
• Kawayi Nampitjinpa
• Nyurapayia Nampitjinpa
• Yuyuya Nampitjinpa
• Eileen Napaltjarri
• Monica Napaltjarri
• Payu Napaltjarri
• Tjunkiya Napaltjarri
• Wintjiya Napaltjarri
• Bombatu Napangati
• Mary Brown Napangati
• Yalti Napangati
• Lorna Brown Napanangka
• Makinti Napanangka
• Miriam Napanangka
• Walangkura Napanangka
• Walangkura Napanangka
• Maisie Gibson Napurrula
• Josephine Napurrula
• Kim Napurrula
• Ningura Napurrula
• Tatali Napurrula
• Naata Nungurrayi
• Nancy Nungurrayi
• Pantjiya Nungurrayi
• Doreen Reid Nakamarra

See also

• Bindibu Expedition
• Pintupi language
• Pintupi Nine

External links

• Australian National University