List of active separatist movements in Asia
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with current, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and not comes from other country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with a de facto polity
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding or anticipated sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations or insurgencies
- Advocacy group(s): for nonviolent, non-electoral, participatory entities
- Ethnic/Ethno-religious/Racial/Regional/Religious group (s): for information on what group of people calls for change for each individual movement listed
Contents
- 1 Afghanistan
- 2 Azerbaijan
- 3 Burma/Myanmar
- 4 Cyprus
- 5 China
- 6 Georgia
- 7 India
- 8 Indonesia
- 9 Iran
- 10 Iraq
- 11 Israel
- 12 Japan
- 13 Laos
- 14 Lebanon
- 15 Malaysia
- 16 Nepal
- 17 Pakistan
- 18 Palestine
- 19 Philippines
- 20 Russian Federation
- 21 Sri Lanka
- 22 Syria
- 23 Taiwan
- 24 Tajikistan
- 25 Thailand
- 26 Turkey
- 27 Uzbekistan
- 28 Vietnam
- 29 Yemen
- 30 See also
- 31 References
Afghanistan
Badakhshan (Near the Wakhan Corridor)
- Ethnic group: Pamiri
- Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
- Political parties: Lail Badakhshan
Azerbaijan
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Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- De facto state: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- Government-in-exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
Azerbaijan is geographic in Asia but politically in Europe
Burma/Myanmar
- Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state: Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Ethnic group: Chin
- Proposed state: Republic of Zo Asia
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group: Kachin
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization
- Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Ethnic group: Kokang people
- Proposed state: unification with China
- Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon State
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Ethnic group: Naga
- Proposed state: Nagalim or Peoples' Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
- Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Proposed state: Northern Arakan State of Arakan Federation
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organization
- Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States[2]
- Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed state: Wa State 22px
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Republic of Zogam or Federated State of Zomi 22px
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization
- Militant organisations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi Revolutionary Army,
- Advocacy group: Global Zomi Alliance
- Government in exile: Republic of Zogam
Cyprus
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Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Turkish Cypriot
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition: TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Cyprus is geographic in Asia but politically in Europe
China
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- The People's Republic of China (China or PRC) is a state that is recognised by 179 (out of 192 other) United Nations member states (as well as Palestine, an observer) as the sole legitimate government of China; the PRC represents China in the United Nations and is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. These states (that recognise the PRC's legitimacy) all recognise the continental and island (e.g. Hainan) territory of "mainland China", which includes certain contentious regions such as Tibet and Xinjiang, as being part of China (disregarding border disputes). Mainland China does not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
- The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Hong Kong or Hong Kong SAR) is a highly autonomous territory whose sovereignty ultimately lies within China (PRC). Hong Kong's autonomy under a so-called One Country Two Systems framework officially expires by 1 July 2047, at which point it is supposed to be fully integrated into China (PRC).
- The Macao (Macau) Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Macau/Macao or Macau/Macao SAR) is a highly autonomous territory whose sovereignty ultimately lies within China (PRC). Macau's autonomy under a so-called One Country Two Systems framework officially expires by 20 December 2049, at which point it is supposed to be fully integrated into China (PRC).
Chinese municipalities
- Ethnic group: Shanghainese people (Shanghainese)
- Proposed state: Shanghai
- Political party: Shanghai National Party (formed in New York)[3]
- Movement: Shanghainese nationalism
- Political party: Shanghai National Party (formed in New York)[3]
- Proposed state: Shanghai
Chinese provinces
- Ethnic group: Basurian
- Proposed state: Basuria[4]
- Movements: Basurian Revival Movement, Basurian National Movement
- Organizations: Free Basuria
- Proposed state: Basuria[4]
- Ethnic group: Hoklo people
- Proposed state: Hokkienam, or Banvetia
- Movement: Hokkien nationalism, Banvetian regionalism.
- Proposed state: Hokkienam, or Banvetia
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- Ethnic group: Cantonese people
- Proposed state: Cantonia
- Movement: Cantonese nationalism
- Proposed state: Cantonia
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- Ethnic group: Manchus
- Proposed state: Manchukuo
- Government-in-exile: Manchukuo Temporary Government
- Political parties: Northeast Administrative Committee, Free Manchuria (Sulfan Manju)
- Movement: Manchurian nationalism
- Proposed state: Manchukuo
- Ethnic group: Yi people, Yunnanese people
- Proposed state: Diantnam or simply Yunnan
- Movement: Yunnanese regionalism
Chinese autonomous regions
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- Ethnic group: Mongolian
- Proposed state: Inner Mongolial
- Political parties: Inner Mongolian People's Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance,[5] Mongolian Liberal Union Party[6]
- Proposed state: Inner Mongolial
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- Ethnic group: Tibetan
- Proposed state: Tibet
- Government-in-exile: Lobsang Sangay, head of the Central Tibetan Administration[7] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet[8]
- Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet, Tibetan Youth Congress, International Campaign for Tibet
- Proposed state: Tibet
- Ethnic group: Uyghur
- Proposed state: East Turkestan
- Political parties: East Turkestan independence movement
- Militant organisations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government in exile: East Turkistan Government in Exile
- Proposed state: East Turkestan
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- Ethnic group: Hong Konger
- Proposed state: Republic of Hong Kong or British Overseas Territory of Hong Kong
- Advocacy groups: Hong Kong Independence Party, Hong Konger Front[11]
Georgia
Breakaway states:
- Ethnic group: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition: Republic of Abkhazia
- Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- Ethnic group: Ossetians
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition:Republic of South Ossetia, proposed integration to Russia[12]
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
Proposed autonomous movements:
Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti
- Ethnic group: Armenians
India
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- Ethnic group: Kashmiris
- Proposed state: Jammu and Kashmir
- Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Militant organisations: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad
Indonesia
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- Proposed state: Gerakan Kemerdekaan Minahasa
- Proposed state: South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state: unification with Papua New Guinea
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement
- Government-in-exile: West Papuan Government in exile[18][19]
Iran
- Ethnic group: Azerbaijani
- Proposed state: South Azerbaijan 22px or Azerbaijan
- Political party: CAMAH (South Azerbaijan National Liberation Movement), a Baku-based separatist organisation that advocates for the separation of Iranian Azerbaijan from Iran and unification with the Republic of Azerbaijan.[20]
- Ethnic group Turkmen
- Proposed state: South Turkmenistan or Turkmenistan
- Political party: Turkmen-Sahra Liberation Organization
- Pan-Turkism party
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-
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
-
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish,
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[22]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan or Pakistan
- Political party: Balochistan People's Party
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Iran)
Iraq
See: Minorities in Iraq
Breakaway state:
- Religious group: Sunnis
- De facto state: The Islamic State
- Status: See 2014 military intervention against ISIS
Purposed states:
- Ethnic groups: Kurdish,
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- De facto autonomous state: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Religious group: Sufis Iraqis
- Proposed state: Ba'athist Iraq
- Political parties: Iraqi Ba'ath Party
- Militant organisations: Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order, General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries, Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation , Al-Awda, Jeish Muhammad
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- Ethnoreligious group: Assyrian
- Proposed autonomous region: Nineveh Plains Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Ethnic group: Turkmen
- Proposed state: Turkmeneli or Turkey
- Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnoreligious group: Yazidi
- Purposed autonomous area: Sinjar with Sinjar Mountain region in Iraq or unification with Kurdistan
- Political organisation: Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Yazidis Community
- Religious group: Sunnis
- Proposed state: Sunnistan
Israel
Proposed states:
- Ethnic group: Israeli settlers
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Occupied territories:
- Ethnic group: Palestinian
- De facto autonomous government: Palestinian National Authority
- De facto/De jure state: State of Palestine
- Political parties: Hamas, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Palestine Liberation Front, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organisation[23][24]
- Militant organisations: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Tanzim, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Japan
- Ethnic group: Ainu
- Proposed state: Republic of Ainu
- Political parties: Ainu Party (アイヌ民族党, Ainu minzoku tō)
- Political group: Ainu independence movement
- Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state: Republic of Ryukyu
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club (Formerly, Ryukyu Independence Party, 琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu. See also Invasion of Ryukyu.
Laos
- Ethnic group: Hmong
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State
Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Lebanon
- Religious group: Sunnis
- De facto state: The Islamic State
- Religious group: Lebanese Shias
- De facto State within a state
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Syriac Union Party
Malaysia
- Proposed state: Sarawak
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak Association of People’s Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[27][29]
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)[27][29]
Nepal
- Ethnic Group: Madhesi
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh[30]
Pakistan
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- Ethnic group: Baloch
- Proposed state: Balochistan or Iran
- Political party: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Republican Army
- Ethnic group: Sindhi
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Political party: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
- Militant organizations: Sindhudesh Liberation Army
Palestine
See: International recognition of Palestine/currently mostly occupied by Israel as part of the Palestinian territories
- Ethnic group: Israelis
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Philippines
Bangsamoro Region/Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
- Ethnic group: Moro, Lumad
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro
- Militant organisation: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
- Political party: United Bangsamoro Justice Party[33]
- Proposed state: United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik
- Militant organization: Moro National Liberation Front
- Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement
- Proposed state: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Militant organization: Abu Sayyaf,[34][35][36] Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters,[36][37][38] Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
- Advocacy group:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement[38]
- Proposed autonomous area: Bangsamoro
Cordillera Administrative Region
Russian Federation
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- Ethnic group: Yakuts
- Proposed state: Sakha Republic
- Political party: Sakha-Amuk
Siberia (North Asia)
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- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state: Siberian Republic
- Political party: Party of Siberian Liberation
- Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state: Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva"
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group: Tamil
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance (autonomy within Sri Lanka)
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (No longer active in Sri Lanka)
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[40]
Syria
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Breakaway states:
- Religious group: Sunnis
- De facto state: The Islamic State
- Ethnic and ethno-religious group: Kurdish, Yazidis
- De facto state: Western Kurdistan
- Political party: Democratic Union Party
- Militant organisation: People's Defence Units
- Political Movement: Democratic Confederlism, Democratic Socialism, Socialist Feminism, Ecosocialism
- Ethnic group: Syrians
- De facto state: Free Syria
- Political organisations: National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, Syrian Interim Government
- Militant organizations: Free Syrian Army, Al-Nusra Front
Proposed states:
- Etlno-religious group: Alawite
- Proposed state: Alawite State
- Political Movement: Government of Syria: if Damascus should fall, it has been proposed that the government retreats to Latakia and the surrounding area to form a possible Alawite State.
- Ethno-religious group: Druze
- Proposed state: Jabal Druze State
- Political parties: Progressive Socialist Party (Syria)
- Militant organisations: Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
- Ethno-religious group: Arameans
- Proposed state: Aram
- Political parties: Aramean Democratic Organisation
- Advocacy group: World Council of Arameans (Syriacs)
- Ethnic group: Assyrian
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe
- Ethnic group: Syrian Turkmen
- Proposed state: Autonomous or free Bayırbucak (Western Turkmeneli) or Turkey
- Political parties: Syrian Turkmen Assembly (official governing umbrella for Syrian Turkmen National Bloc and Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement)
- Militant organizations: Syrian Turkmen Brigades
- Religious group: Sunnis
- Proposed state: Sunnistan
Occupied territories:
Golan Heights (occupied by Israel)
- Ethnic group: Israeli settlers
- De facto state: Israel
- Political organisation: Government of Israel
- Militant organisations: Israeli Defence Force
Taiwan
Tajikistan
- Ethnic group: Pamiri
- Proposed state: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
- Political party: Lali Badakhshon[1]
Thailand
- Ethnic group: Malays
- Proposed state: Greater Patani State (Negara Patani Raya)[41] or unification with Malaysia[42][43][44]
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation
Turkey
- Ethnic group: Kurdish
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
Uzbekistan
- Ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- Proposed state: Republic of Karakalpakstan
- Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[46]
Vietnam
- Ethnic group:people in southern Vietnam and Vietnam abroad
- Proposed state:Republic Of Vietnam
- Political organisation:Republic of Vietnam government in exile[47]
- Ethnic group: Cham
- Proposed state: Champa
- Advocacy group: International Office of Champa (IOC)[48]
- Militant organisation: Front de Libération du Champa (FLC), part of United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), now defunct
- Proposed state: Champa
- Ethnic group: Montagnard
- Proposed autonomous area: Tây Nguyên
- Advocacy group: Montagnard Foundation, Inc.[49] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Front de Libération des Hauts Plateaux (FLHP), part of United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), now defunct
- Ethnic group: Khmer Krom
- Proposed autonomous area: Cochinchina
- Advocacy group: Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation (KKF)[50]
- Militant organisation: Front de Libération du Kampuchea Krom (FLKK), part of United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FURLO), now defunct
Yemen
- Proposed state: State of Aden
- Ethnic group: Adeni Arabs, Hadhrami Arabs, Mehri people
- Proposed state: South Arabia[51]
- Political party: South Yemen Movement
- Proposed state: Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra[52][53][54]
- Proposed autonomous area: Al Mahrah and Socotra[52]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.(JP)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ [2]
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- ↑ http://www.indonesiamatters.com/758/minahasa-nationalism/
- ↑ http://www.nasty-bali.org/sulawesi-separatists.html
- ↑ The Jakarta Post (2000). People’s Congress votes for Riau independence. February 2. [3], accessed July 2, 2009.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://southazerbaijan.info/en/nizam.php
- ↑ http://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2009/index.php?page=news&a_p_no=1&w_p_no=1&ar_p_no=23-1-2008-1 National Libration [sic] Movement of Ahwaz
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Madiha Rashid al Madfai, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974-1991, Cambridge Middle East Library, Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 0-521-41523-3. p. 21:"On 28 October 1974, the seventh Arab summit conference held in Rabat designated the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency."
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.fourwinds10.net/siterun_data/peace_freedom/patriots_and_protesters/news.php?q=1239483589
- ↑ http://asiangazette.blogspot.com/2010/02/ainu-claim-independence-to-prime.html
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.balochvoice.com/
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Peacehalle.com
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 http://www.geocurrents.info/geopolitics/autonomous-zones/yemens-beleaguered-al-mahrah-seeks-autonomy
- ↑ http://www.merip.org/mer/mer263/revolution-socotra
- ↑ http://www.yementimes.com/en/1716/intreview/2950/%E2%80%9CIt%E2%80%99s-a-political-sham-to-set-geographical-regions-based-on-vague-standards-without-any-legal-constitutional-or-political-authority%E2%80%9D.htm