Kingdom of Kurdistan

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Kingdom of Kurdistan
Keyaniya Kurdistanê
شانشینی کوردستان
Unrecognized state
1922–1924
Capital Sulaymaniyah
Languages Kurdish
Government Monarchy
Malik[1] Mahmud Barzanji
Prime Minister Qadir Barzanji
Historical era Interwar period
 •  Treaty of Sèvres 10 August 1920
 •  Proclaimed September 1922
 •  Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923
 •  Disestablished July 1924
 •  British Mandate of Mesopotamia 3 October 1932
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Ottoman Iraq
Mandatory Iraq

The Kingdom of Kurdistan[2][3] refers to a short-lived unrecognized state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Officially, the territory involved was under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.

Sheikh Mahmud revolts

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Main article: Mahmud Barzanji revolts

During the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Kurds in Iraq attempted to establish a semi-independent state. On at least one occasion they succeeded and formed the Kingdom of Kurdistan, which lasted from September 1922 until July 1924.[4]

The Shaykh of the Qadiriyyah order of Sufis, the most influential personality in Southern Kurdistan,[5] was appointed Governor of the former sanjak of Duhok, but rallied against the British and declared an independent Kurdistan in May, 1919. He was defeated in June.

On the 10 October 1921, a statement was issued in Sulaymaniya, the capital of Kurdistan, to establish a Kurdish government. Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji declared himself as the King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan.[6][7][8]

After the Treaty of Sèvres, which settled some territories, Sulaymaniya still remained under the direct control of the British High Commissioner. After the subsequent penetration of the Turkish "Özdemir" Detachment into the area, an attempt was made by the British to counter this by appointing Shaykh Mahmud Governor again, in September 1922. The Shaykh revolted again, and in November declared himself King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan. Members of his cabinet included:[9]

Barzanji was defeated by the British in July, 1924, and in January 1926 the League of Nations gave the mandate over the territory to Iraq, with the provision for special rights for Kurds. In 1930-1931, Shaykh Makhmud Barzanji made his last unsuccessful attempt.

The British Royal Air Force's Iraq Command acting on behalf of the Iraqi government in Baghdad played a part in bringing the Kingdom of Kurdistan to an end.

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See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in Current History, January.
  5. ↑ Eskander, S. (2000) "Britain's policy in Southern Kurdistan: The Formation and the Termination of the First Kurdish Government, 1918-1919" in British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 27, No. 2. pp. 139-163.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Fatah, R. (2005) Mustafa Pasha Yamolki: his life and role in the Kurdish nationalist movement
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Fatah, R. (2006) The Kurdish resistance to Southern Kurdistan annexing with Iraq
  10. ↑ Mustafa Paşa bir müddet sonra Süleymaniye'de İngiliz destekli bir hükümet olan Şeyh Mahmud Berzenci hükümetinde Eğitim Bakanlığı görevine getirilmiştir. (Ferudun Ata, Süleymaniyeli Nemrut Mustafa Paşa: Bir İşbirlikçinin Portresi, Temel, 2008, ISBN 9789754101003, p. 103.)

General

  1. McDowell, D. (1996) A Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 155–163, 194-196

External links

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