Jebero language

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Not to be confused with Jibaro languages.
Jebero
Shiwilu
Native to Peru
Native speakers
 2,500 (2006)[1]
Cahuapanan
  • Jebero
Language codes
ISO 639-3 jeb
Glottolog jebe1250[2]

Jebero (Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) is an indigenous American language spoken by the Jebero people of Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita.

Phonology

Vowels

File:Jebero monophthongs chart.svg
Monophthongs of Jebero, from Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
Monophthong phonemes[3]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɘ
Open a
  • /i/ varies between close front unrounded [i], near-close front unrounded [i̞] and close-mid front unrounded [e].[3]
  • /u/ varies between near-close near-front rounded [ʊ] and close-mid back weakly rounded [o̜], with the latter realization being the most usual.[3]
  • /ɘ/ varies between mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] and close-mid central unrounded [ɘ].[3]
    • /ɘ/ is shorter than the other vowels, particularly between voiceless consonants.[3]
    • The sequence /ɘn/ is sometimes realized as a syllabic [n̩].[3]
  • /a/ varies between open central unrounded [ä] and near-open retracted front [æ̠].[3] The vowel chart in Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013) puts /a/ in the near-open central position [ɐ].
    • In closed syllables, /a/ is realized as open-mid central unrounded [ɜ].[3]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes[4]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t tʃ k ʔ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ (h)
Trill plain r
glottalized ˀr
Approximant central w ð j
lateral l ʎ
  • /m, p/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
  • /tʃ/ is an affricate, rather than a plosive.[4] It has nevertheless been placed in the table in that manner to save space.
  • /n, t, ð, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, ð̪, l̪].[5]
    • In the syllable coda, /n/ is realized with a wider contact, maximally dentoalveolo-velar [n̪͡ŋ].[5]
    • After /u, a/, the denti-alveolar contact is often not made, which makes /n/ sound more like a velar nasal [ŋ].[5]
    • /ð/ may sometimes sound as if it were a lateral consonant, but it is never realized as lateral.[3]
  • /ɲ, ʎ/ are dentoalveolo-palatal [ɲ̪, ʎ̪].[5]
    • /ʎ/ is sometimes realized as a weak fricative [ʎ̪˔].[3]
  • /h/ occurs only in the affirmative interjection [ahã].[4]
  • /r/ is realized as a flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset and as a trill [r] in the syllable coda.[5]
  • /ˀr/ is a glottalized flap [ˀɾ]. Intervocalically, it is reaized as a sequence [ɾʔ].[5]

References

  1. ↑ Jebero at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 98.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 100.

Bibliography

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